8회_실패

 

 

【문 1】밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 적절하지 않은 것은? Previewing is so central to the learning process that it needs ① teaching explicitly in school. Whenever ② possible, kids ought to be engaged in coming up with a blueprint of what something will look like when it's finished. They should submit work plans and be evaluated on them. Such plans should include a description of ③ how the final product will be like - much as a landscape designer would prepare a sketch of a proposed garden. Sometime students should be required to write the last paragraph of a report first and then keep that paragraph up in front of them while ④ writing the report. In other words, the final paragraph is their preview, the destination toward which they are navigating. 【문 2】다음 중 글의 흐름과 관계없는 문장은? Asian investors are now welcome in the London real estate market as new big players, replacing former groups of valued clients from Russia and the Middle East. ( ① ) Restriction their governments impose on real estate investment in their home countries make investment abroad more attractive. ( ② ) The London market attracts Chinese investors due to its openness to foreign investment and fluid rental market. ( ③ ) When millions around the world are still struggling to make ends meet, superrich British holding assets worth more than $1. 5 million are increasing in number. ( ④ ) Reflecting the current trend, the UK parliament passed a bill to further encourage foreign investment from Asia. 【문 3】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? [ In the late 1970s, some scientists predicted that because of the heat-trapping buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the earth would warm up by 5 to 6 'C over the next century. ] (A) And despite seasonal variations, the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes and their maximum wind speed have not increased over the past half-century. (B) They linked a lot of bad weather to global warming. And the media regularly predict that more and fiercer hurricanes, longer droughts and more severe rainstorms will result. (C) However, what has actually been going on? One computer model says the earth’s temperature has increased by only 0.3 to 0. 4℃ since 1979. ① (A) ―(C) ―(B) ② (B) ―(A) ―(C) ③ (B) ―(C) ―(A) ④ (C) ―(A) ―(B) 【문 4】빈 칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? According to an ancient Greek myth, Narcissus was a young man so beautiful that he fell in love with his own reflection when he knelt down to take a drink of water, and then died by the water's edge, heartbroken that he could not embrace his beloved. In modern organizations, when people fall in love with their own products and services, the results can be just as . The cause of death: blindness to virtually all data that suggest their ideas and creations are less than perfect. The ghost of Narcissus haunts many companies today, striking any time in the evolution of a new or improved product, from original concept to final launch. At its heart, however, keeping the ghost of Narcissus at bay is not a matter of methodologies or mechanisms, but rather one of the personal resolve to consider the possibility that what you love may not be what your customers love - and that what your customers love may not be what you see as quite attractive. ① lucrative ② wholesome ③ innocuous ④ deadly 【문 5】다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오. Even small changes in temperature can lead to enormous changes in global weather patterns and habitats. For example, during the years from about 1000 to 1350 A.D., known as the "Medieval Warm Period," when global mean surface temperatures were only slightly more than 1'F warmer than they are now, there were vineyards in England, and Greenland supported hundreds of farms. By contrasts, from 1430 to 1850, the period known as the "Little Ice Age," when global mean surface temperatures were only slightly more than 1'F cooler than they are now, the Thames was often frozen in winter, and there were icebergs off the coast of Norway. Since the late 19th century, global mean surface temperatures have already warmed on average approximately 1'F, consistent with the increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the past century, from preindustrial revolution levels of 280 ppm to current levels of 350 ppm. ① A slight change in temperature can bring about big difference in the natural world. ② During the Medieval Warm Period, there were hundreds of farms in Greenland. ③ There was decrease in the level of CO2 concentrations during the past century. ④ Global average temperature has gone up around 1'F since the late 19th century. 【문 6】다음 글의 제목으로 적절한 것을 고르시오. The Vietnam War, a military attempt by the United States to block a Communist regime in Southeast Asia, somewhat altered the lives of people in the United States in terms of economics, society, and culture. People in the United States began to perceive that other countries should determine their own fates on their own and that the United States should take a backseat in diplomacy. Socioculturally speaking, it had a profound effect on the way Americans saw their government, the media, and Constitutional rights. Because of this change in viewpoint, the nation was split more than ever. ① The Rationale for Spurring the Vietnam War ② The Influence of the Vietnam War on Americans ③ The struggle of the United States to block communism ④ The Sociocultural Struggle behind the Vietnam War 【문 7】다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Many European nations take an approach to social protection that differs from the social insurance in the United States, which distributes benefits on the basis of contributions made into an insurance system during periods of employment. In Sweden, for example, the government offers benefits on the basis of citizenship rather than on the basis of contribution. Qualification for benefits does not rely on past work history, contributions, or income levels. Universal health care makes medical services available to all citizens. Some argue that programs based on citizenship rights promote even more popular support than social insurance. Despite their general popularity, social insurance programs tend to divide mainstream workers from those who do not qualify. A gap emerges between the “haves” and “have-nots.” In contrast, universal systems gain support from all segments of the stratification system and unite rather than divide citizens. → Unlike the social insurance in the United States where the distribution of benefits is based on (A) , the social protection in Europe emphasizes the importance of (B) . (A) (B) ① citizenship …… efficiency ② citizenship …… equality ③ contribution …… efficiency ④ contribution …… equality

【문 14】다음 글의 제목으로 적절한 것은? Let's think about what happens when you go on a diet. When you start out, you work hard to stick to the diet's difficult rules. While on a diet, you are predictably deprived. Then someone puts a slice of cake in front of you. The moment you give in to temptation and take that first bite, your perspective changes. You tell yourself, "Oh, I've broken my diet, so why not have the whole slice- along with that perfectly grilled, mouthwatering cheeseburger I've been craving all week? I'll start anew tomorrow or maybe on Monday. And this time I'll really stick to it." In other words, having already spoiled your dieting self-concept, you decide to break your diet completely and make the most of your diet-free self-image. Failing at one small thing can cause you to abandon the effort altogether. ① All is well that ends well. ② One bad turn leads to another. ③ A bad workman blames his tools. ④ Action speaks louder than words. 【문 15】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 적절한 것은? The modern ecology movement that was spawned in the late 1960s and officially launched with the Earth Day celebration in 1970 introduced the idea of acknowledging the intrinsic value of species, along with their utilitarian value. Battles were waged from the 1970s onward over the question of preserving rare species versus economic development. The struggle to save the now infamous northern spotted owl against the threat posed by clear-cutting in the Pacific Northwest created a national controversy over the worth of a single species versus the loss of employment of thousands of loggers. , whaling practices that threaten the extinction of the world’s great sea mammals put Norwegian and Japanese whalers at odds with environmental activists and have stirred global public debate. ① Similarly ② Therefore ③ For example ④ Nevertheless 【문 16】다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은? Henri Matisse was born in 1869, the year the Cutty Sark, a beautiful little clipper ship, was launched. In 1954, the year he died, the first hydrogen bomb exploded at Bikini Atoll. Not only did he live on, literally, from one world into another; he lived through some of the most traumatic political events in recorded history, the worst wars, the greatest slaughters, the most demented rivalries of ideology. Yet Matisse never made a didactic painting or signed a manifesto, and there is scarcely one reference to a political event – let alone an expression of political opinion – to be found anywhere in his writings. Perhaps Matisse did suffer from fear and loathing like the rest of us, but there is no trace of them in his work. His paintings are the equivalent to the ideal place, away from the assaults and erosions of history. ① Matisse did not believe art could transcend reality. ② The turmoil of politics did not affect Matisse’s artistic world. ③ Matisse disagreed with contemporary ideological views. ④ Matisse’s achievements as a painter surpass those of any other artist. 【문 17】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 적절한 것은? [When people are grouped into societies, they face different kinds of tradeoffs. The classic tradeoff is between “guns and butter.”] (A) Thus, while pollution regulations give us the benefit of a cleaner environment and the improved health that comes with it, they have the cost of reducing the incomes of the firms’ owners, workers, and customers. (B) Also important in modern society is the tradeoffs between a clean environment and a high level of income. Laws that require firms to reduce pollution raise the cost of producing goods and services. So these firms end up earning smaller profits, paying lower wages, charging higher prices, or some combination of these three. (C) The more we spend on national defense (guns) to protect our shores from foreign aggressors, the less we can spend on consumer goods (butter) to raise our standard of living at home. ① B-A-C ② B-C-A ③ C-A-B ④ C-B-A 【문 18】다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? It is true that the police have exercised a degree of discipline in handling antiracism demonstrators. In this sense they have conducted themselves rather “nonviolently” in public. But for what purpose? To preserve the evil system of segregation. Over the past few years I have consistently preached that nonviolence demands that the means we use be as pure as the ends we seek. I have tried to make it clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong, or perhaps even more so, to use oral means to preserve immoral ends. Perhaps the police have been rather nonviolent in public, but they have used the moral means of nonviolence to maintain the immoral end of racial injustice. ① 인종 문제는 비폭력적 시위와 타협으로 해결해야 한다. ② 도덕적 수단으로 비도덕적 목적을 정당화해서는 안 된다. ③ 무분별한 시위 엄단으로 시민의 불편을 최소화해야 한다. ④ 정당한 목적을 위해 비도덕적 수단을 사용해서는 안 된다. 【문 19】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Some biologists have explained how evolution can lead to greater and greater degrees of . Repeatedly in the history of life, replicators have teamed up, specialized to divide the labor, and coordinated their behavior. It happens because replicators often find themselves in non-zero-sum games, in which particular strategies adopted by two players can leave them both better off, as opposed to a zero-sum game, where one player’s profit is another player’s loss. An exact analogy is found in the play by William Butler Yeats in which a blind man carries a lame man on his shoulders, allowing both of them to get around. During the evolution of life this dynamic has led replicating molecules to team up in chromosomes, cell organs to team up in cells, cells to form into complex organisms, and organisms to hang out in societies. ① fertility ② accuracy ③ resistance ④ cooperation

【문 8】빈 칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? To say that we need to curb anger and our negative thoughts and emotions does not mean that we should deny our feelings. There is an important distinction to be made between denial and restraint. The latter consists of a deliberate and voluntarily adopted discipline based on an appreciation of the benefits of doing so. This is very different from the case of someone who suppresses emotions such as anger out of a feeling that they need to present a façade of self-control, or out of fear of what others may think. Such behavior is like closing a wound which is still infected. Where denial and suppression occur, there comes the danger that by doing so the individual anger and resentment. The trouble here is that at some future point they may find they cannot contain these feelings any longer. ① fades out ② copes with ③ stores up ④ soothes 【문 9】빈 칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? The term “swan song” derived from the legend that, while they are mute during the rest of their lives, swans sing beautifully and mournfully just before they die. This isn’t actually the case, though. Swans have a variety of vocal sounds and they don’t sing before they die. The legend was known to be false as early as the days of the ancient Rome. Nevertheless, many people made use of the legend. Plato, Euripides, and Aristotle referred to the legend in their writings. Socrates used the dying swans as a metaphor when he said, “For they, when they perceive that they must die, sing more sweetly than ever, rejoicing in the thought that they are about to go away to their master, Apollo.” So swans, according to Socrates, sing gloriously in anticipation of at last seeing their beloved master, Apollo. “Swan song” is now used figuratively and most commonly to refer to . ① something that is good and needs no advertising ② a state of being deserted, forgotten, or unwanted ③ the final farewell performance of an actor or singer ④ an event from which the principal performer is absent 【문 10】(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적 절한 것은? A new study suggests that men are more physically attracted to a woman if she wears red clothes. Researchers at the University of Rochester in New York (A) [conducting/conducted] different experiments to find out the effects of color on human relationships. Researchers asked more than 100 men to give a score to photographs of women. The men had to rate the women according to how pretty they were, how much the men would like to kiss them, their intelligence, and how (B) [kind/kindly] they looked. They also had to provide details of what kind of date they would like to take the women out. The results showed that the women in the pictures who wore red scored higher and were more likely to (C) [take/be taken] out on an expensive date. The data showed the color red made no impact on the scores for intelligence and kindness. (A) (B) (C) ① conducted …… kindly …… be taken ② conducted …… kind …… be taken ③ conducting …… kind …… take ④ conducting …… kindly …… take 【문 11】(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절 한 것은? In the current labor market, finding a job is quite difficult for less educated, low-skilled, middle-aged, and long-term unemployed people. While the number of jobs in the rapidly changing technology sector is rising, jobs in the traditional industries are decreasing. Middle-aged laborers, for whom (A) [adaptation/adoption] to the new industrial structure is difficult, are at a high risk of unemployment and of being permanently excluded from the labor market. During the high-growth and low-unemployment period of the 1970s, self-support was (B) [avoidable/attainable] through one’s sheer will and effort. But now a low-growth and high-unemployment environment is getting worse, thus making self-support difficult to achieve. Meanwhile, the despair of the long-term unemployed has deepened, and is (C) [aggravated/alleviated] by the inability of the family to work as the primary social safety net. (A) (B) (C) ① adaptation …… avoidable …… aggravated ② adaptation …… attainable …… aggravated ③ adoption …… avoidable …… alleviated ④ adoption …… attainable …… aggravated 【문 12】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? As life ① becomes more complex, many people find ② difficult to fall asleep and are more likely to suffer from insomnia. Almost all of us, for example, have experienced transient insomnia – temporary periods of sleeplessness. This type of insomnia usually disappears when the cause of stress or anxiety ③ is eliminated. Chronic insomnia, however, involves long periods – from three months to a year or more. The typical sufferers of chronic insomnia are females ④ in their mid-twenties. However, this type of insomnia can affect anyone at any age, and it usually persists even when the particular stress or tension has disappeared. 【문 13】다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? In the United States, fashion as an upper-class phenomenon can be documented from records of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. During this time, fashions identified a person’s wealth and position in society. (A) , with the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the development of technology for manufacturing clothing and factories for mass production made fashionable clothing available to a larger part of the population. Developments in mass marketing and communications in the twentieth century have further increased the variety of fashions available to virtually the entire population. (B) , although upper-class leaders undoubtedly played important roles in early fashion history, many authorities argue that their role in the fashion process has diminished in modern society. (A) (B) ① In other words …… Instead ② However …… Instead ③ Besides …… By contrast ④ However …… Therefore

【문 20】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? The power of words is bound up with the images they evoke, and is quite independent of their real significance. ① In this sense, words whose meanings are the most ill-defined are sometimes those that possess the most influence. ② Such, for example, are the terms like democracy, socialism, equality, liberty, etc., whose meaning is so vague that bulky volumes do not suffice to precisely fix it. ③ Yet it is certain that a truly magical power is attached to those short syllables, as if they contained the solution of all problems. They synthesize the most diverse unconscious aspirations and the hope of their realization. ④ It is, therefore, important to avoid vagueness and to define our words clearly and precisely. 【문 21】적절한 어휘로 짝지어진 것을 고르시오. We often overlook various aspects of our lives that are desperate for attention until they become full-blown crises. Or we (A) [accept/ neglect] new ideas that could further our growth simply because they do not fit within the general framework of our preconceived notions and self-concepts. An enormous amount of time is spent simply reacting. It is as if we were robots programmed to respond on cue to whatever demands the least time and attention, and disregard anything that requires extra time and energy to think. We (B) [ skim / pore ] over the surface thoughtlessly. But we must acknowledge that thinking well is a time-consuming process. We can't expect (C) [lasting / instant] results. We have to slow down a bit and take the time to contemplate. It is the only path to a more meaningful and efficient existence. (A) (B) (C) ① neglect skim instant ② neglect pore lasting ③ accept skim instant ④ accept pore lasting 【문 22】다음 중 나머지 셋과 성격이 다른 것은? In the 1990s, supermodel Cindy Crawford was the perfect American dream girl: slim, tanned and natural-looking, with long, shiny hair. People have described her as “The Face of the Decade.” But people have not always had the same ideas about beauty. Until the 1920s, suntans were for poor people. Ladies stayed out of the sun to keep their faces as pale as possible; and in the age of Queen Elizabeth, fashionable ladies painted their faces with lead to make them whiter. Cindy Crawford’s hair would not have been popular in the 18th century, either. Ladies in those days never went out without their wigs which were so enormous and dirty that mice could have lived in them. And the beautiful women painted by Rubens in the 17th century would have to diet for months to become one of today’s super-models. Ideas of beauty are not only different in time but also in place. Brad Pitt, considered to be the ideal man in the U.S., might have a hard time attracting women of the Dinka tribe of Sudan. The Dinkas believe that “big is beautiful” and each year men compete to win the title of “the fattest man.” The winner is sure to find a wife easily because for the Dinkas fatness is a sign of wealth and power. ① Cindy Crawford in the 1990s ② suntanned ladies before the 1920s ③ Rubens’ beauties in the 17th century ④ the fattest man in the Dinka tribe 【문 23】다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? The Incas once ruled a great empire that covered a large part of South America. The empire was more than five hundred years old when Spanish explorers arrived in the sixteenth century. The Incas were an advanced people. They were skillful engineers who paved their roads and built strong bridges. Even though they did not know about the wheel, the Incas were able to move huge stone blocks – some as heavy as ten tons – up the sides of mountains to build walls. These walls have stood firm through great storms and earthquakes that destroyed many modern buildings. The Incas were great artists, too. Today, Incan pottery is prized for its wonderful designs. And since both gold and silver were in great supply, the Incas created splendid objects from these precious metals. ① 16세기에 스페인 탐험가들이 잉카 제국에 도착했다. ② 잉카인들은 도로를 닦는 기술을 가지고 있었다. ③ 잉카인들이 세운 장벽은 폭풍우로 인해 대부분 파괴되었다. ④ 잉카 제국의 도자기는 예술적 가치가 뛰어나다. 【문 24】다음 글의 제목으로 적절한 것은? The self-perpetuation nature of poverty has attracted the interest of both social scientists and policy makers. A number of anthropologists, notably Oscar Lewis, argue that poverty is not just an economic condition but a way of life that tends to perpetuate itself by failing to provide its members with the values and skills necessary to be successful in the larger society. According to Lewis, the culture of poverty is an adaptation of the poor to their marginal position in stratified, capitalistic societies. Some of the characteristics of this “culture” are lack of participation in the cultural and social institutions of the larger society, chronic shortage of cash and the absence of savings, low levels of education, mistrust of government and fear of the police, early sexual experience and a high rate of children born out of wedlock, and families centered on the mother, with fathers weak or absent. ① Which Skills Do the Poor Need? ② Are the Poor Really Unhappy? ③ Why Do the Poor Continue to Be Poor? ④ How Can the Poor Overcome Poverty? 【문 25】빈칸에 들어갈 적절한 것은? Pauses can be helpful in communicating. Long pauses can be used strategically to put pressure on another person to respond to a question or to concede an offer. Thus, creating a long pause puts pressure on the other person to fill the pause. Negotiators use this tactic to pressure an opponent to give in. The one who is often the one who concedes. In a study, participants from Taiwan and the US engaged in a negotiation, and a repeated pattern was observed: An American participant would make an offer; a long pause would ensue, during which time the Taiwan participant was thinking. Inevitably, the American would make a conceding offer before the Taiwan participant could respond to the initial offer. The Americans couldn't wait through the extended pause, taking the pause as a rejection of the offer. ① breaks the silence ② improvise responses ③ admits to failure reluctantly ④ isn't aware of emotional nuances