20歳男を現行犯逮捕 拳銃で警告するまで刺し続ける
(06/21 05:53)
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【문 1】밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 적절하지 않은 것은? Previewing is so central to the learning process that it needs ① teaching explicitly in school. Whenever ② possible, kids ought to be engaged in coming up with a blueprint of what something will look like when it's finished. They should submit work plans and be evaluated on them. Such plans should include a description of ③ how the final product will be like - much as a landscape designer would prepare a sketch of a proposed garden. Sometime students should be required to write the last paragraph of a report first and then keep that paragraph up in front of them while ④ writing the report. In other words, the final paragraph is their preview, the destination toward which they are navigating. 【문 2】다음 중 글의 흐름과 관계없는 문장은? Asian investors are now welcome in the London real estate market as new big players, replacing former groups of valued clients from Russia and the Middle East. ( ① ) Restriction their governments impose on real estate investment in their home countries make investment abroad more attractive. ( ② ) The London market attracts Chinese investors due to its openness to foreign investment and fluid rental market. ( ③ ) When millions around the world are still struggling to make ends meet, superrich British holding assets worth more than $1. 5 million are increasing in number. ( ④ ) Reflecting the current trend, the UK parliament passed a bill to further encourage foreign investment from Asia. 【문 3】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? [ In the late 1970s, some scientists predicted that because of the heat-trapping buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the earth would warm up by 5 to 6 'C over the next century. ] (A) And despite seasonal variations, the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes and their maximum wind speed have not increased over the past half-century. (B) They linked a lot of bad weather to global warming. And the media regularly predict that more and fiercer hurricanes, longer droughts and more severe rainstorms will result. (C) However, what has actually been going on? One computer model says the earth’s temperature has increased by only 0.3 to 0. 4℃ since 1979. ① (A) ―(C) ―(B) ② (B) ―(A) ―(C) ③ (B) ―(C) ―(A) ④ (C) ―(A) ―(B) 【문 4】빈 칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? According to an ancient Greek myth, Narcissus was a young man so beautiful that he fell in love with his own reflection when he knelt down to take a drink of water, and then died by the water's edge, heartbroken that he could not embrace his beloved. In modern organizations, when people fall in love with their own products and services, the results can be just as . The cause of death: blindness to virtually all data that suggest their ideas and creations are less than perfect. The ghost of Narcissus haunts many companies today, striking any time in the evolution of a new or improved product, from original concept to final launch. At its heart, however, keeping the ghost of Narcissus at bay is not a matter of methodologies or mechanisms, but rather one of the personal resolve to consider the possibility that what you love may not be what your customers love - and that what your customers love may not be what you see as quite attractive. ① lucrative ② wholesome ③ innocuous ④ deadly 【문 5】다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오. Even small changes in temperature can lead to enormous changes in global weather patterns and habitats. For example, during the years from about 1000 to 1350 A.D., known as the "Medieval Warm Period," when global mean surface temperatures were only slightly more than 1'F warmer than they are now, there were vineyards in England, and Greenland supported hundreds of farms. By contrasts, from 1430 to 1850, the period known as the "Little Ice Age," when global mean surface temperatures were only slightly more than 1'F cooler than they are now, the Thames was often frozen in winter, and there were icebergs off the coast of Norway. Since the late 19th century, global mean surface temperatures have already warmed on average approximately 1'F, consistent with the increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the past century, from preindustrial revolution levels of 280 ppm to current levels of 350 ppm. ① A slight change in temperature can bring about big difference in the natural world. ② During the Medieval Warm Period, there were hundreds of farms in Greenland. ③ There was decrease in the level of CO2 concentrations during the past century. ④ Global average temperature has gone up around 1'F since the late 19th century. 【문 6】다음 글의 제목으로 적절한 것을 고르시오. The Vietnam War, a military attempt by the United States to block a Communist regime in Southeast Asia, somewhat altered the lives of people in the United States in terms of economics, society, and culture. People in the United States began to perceive that other countries should determine their own fates on their own and that the United States should take a backseat in diplomacy. Socioculturally speaking, it had a profound effect on the way Americans saw their government, the media, and Constitutional rights. Because of this change in viewpoint, the nation was split more than ever. ① The Rationale for Spurring the Vietnam War ② The Influence of the Vietnam War on Americans ③ The struggle of the United States to block communism ④ The Sociocultural Struggle behind the Vietnam War 【문 7】다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Many European nations take an approach to social protection that differs from the social insurance in the United States, which distributes benefits on the basis of contributions made into an insurance system during periods of employment. In Sweden, for example, the government offers benefits on the basis of citizenship rather than on the basis of contribution. Qualification for benefits does not rely on past work history, contributions, or income levels. Universal health care makes medical services available to all citizens. Some argue that programs based on citizenship rights promote even more popular support than social insurance. Despite their general popularity, social insurance programs tend to divide mainstream workers from those who do not qualify. A gap emerges between the “haves” and “have-nots.” In contrast, universal systems gain support from all segments of the stratification system and unite rather than divide citizens. → Unlike the social insurance in the United States where the distribution of benefits is based on (A) , the social protection in Europe emphasizes the importance of (B) . (A) (B) ① citizenship …… efficiency ② citizenship …… equality ③ contribution …… efficiency ④ contribution …… equality |
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【문 8】빈 칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? To say that we need to curb anger and our negative thoughts and emotions does not mean that we should deny our feelings. There is an important distinction to be made between denial and restraint. The latter consists of a deliberate and voluntarily adopted discipline based on an appreciation of the benefits of doing so. This is very different from the case of someone who suppresses emotions such as anger out of a feeling that they need to present a façade of self-control, or out of fear of what others may think. Such behavior is like closing a wound which is still infected. Where denial and suppression occur, there comes the danger that by doing so the individual anger and resentment. The trouble here is that at some future point they may find they cannot contain these feelings any longer. ① fades out ② copes with ③ stores up ④ soothes 【문 9】빈 칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? The term “swan song” derived from the legend that, while they are mute during the rest of their lives, swans sing beautifully and mournfully just before they die. This isn’t actually the case, though. Swans have a variety of vocal sounds and they don’t sing before they die. The legend was known to be false as early as the days of the ancient Rome. Nevertheless, many people made use of the legend. Plato, Euripides, and Aristotle referred to the legend in their writings. Socrates used the dying swans as a metaphor when he said, “For they, when they perceive that they must die, sing more sweetly than ever, rejoicing in the thought that they are about to go away to their master, Apollo.” So swans, according to Socrates, sing gloriously in anticipation of at last seeing their beloved master, Apollo. “Swan song” is now used figuratively and most commonly to refer to . ① something that is good and needs no advertising ② a state of being deserted, forgotten, or unwanted ③ the final farewell performance of an actor or singer ④ an event from which the principal performer is absent 【문 10】(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적 절한 것은? A new study suggests that men are more physically attracted to a woman if she wears red clothes. Researchers at the University of Rochester in New York (A) [conducting/conducted] different experiments to find out the effects of color on human relationships. Researchers asked more than 100 men to give a score to photographs of women. The men had to rate the women according to how pretty they were, how much the men would like to kiss them, their intelligence, and how (B) [kind/kindly] they looked. They also had to provide details of what kind of date they would like to take the women out. The results showed that the women in the pictures who wore red scored higher and were more likely to (C) [take/be taken] out on an expensive date. The data showed the color red made no impact on the scores for intelligence and kindness. (A) (B) (C) ① conducted …… kindly …… be taken ② conducted …… kind …… be taken ③ conducting …… kind …… take ④ conducting …… kindly …… take 【문 11】(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절 한 것은? In the current labor market, finding a job is quite difficult for less educated, low-skilled, middle-aged, and long-term unemployed people. While the number of jobs in the rapidly changing technology sector is rising, jobs in the traditional industries are decreasing. Middle-aged laborers, for whom (A) [adaptation/adoption] to the new industrial structure is difficult, are at a high risk of unemployment and of being permanently excluded from the labor market. During the high-growth and low-unemployment period of the 1970s, self-support was (B) [avoidable/attainable] through one’s sheer will and effort. But now a low-growth and high-unemployment environment is getting worse, thus making self-support difficult to achieve. Meanwhile, the despair of the long-term unemployed has deepened, and is (C) [aggravated/alleviated] by the inability of the family to work as the primary social safety net. (A) (B) (C) ① adaptation …… avoidable …… aggravated ② adaptation …… attainable …… aggravated ③ adoption …… avoidable …… alleviated ④ adoption …… attainable …… aggravated 【문 12】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? As life ① becomes more complex, many people find ② difficult to fall asleep and are more likely to suffer from insomnia. Almost all of us, for example, have experienced transient insomnia – temporary periods of sleeplessness. This type of insomnia usually disappears when the cause of stress or anxiety ③ is eliminated. Chronic insomnia, however, involves long periods – from three months to a year or more. The typical sufferers of chronic insomnia are females ④ in their mid-twenties. However, this type of insomnia can affect anyone at any age, and it usually persists even when the particular stress or tension has disappeared. 【문 13】다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? In the United States, fashion as an upper-class phenomenon can be documented from records of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. During this time, fashions identified a person’s wealth and position in society. (A) , with the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the development of technology for manufacturing clothing and factories for mass production made fashionable clothing available to a larger part of the population. Developments in mass marketing and communications in the twentieth century have further increased the variety of fashions available to virtually the entire population. (B) , although upper-class leaders undoubtedly played important roles in early fashion history, many authorities argue that their role in the fashion process has diminished in modern society. (A) (B) ① In other words …… Instead ② However …… Instead ③ Besides …… By contrast ④ However …… Therefore |
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【문 14】다음 글의 제목으로 적절한 것은? Let's think about what happens when you go on a diet. When you start out, you work hard to stick to the diet's difficult rules. While on a diet, you are predictably deprived. Then someone puts a slice of cake in front of you. The moment you give in to temptation and take that first bite, your perspective changes. You tell yourself, "Oh, I've broken my diet, so why not have the whole slice- along with that perfectly grilled, mouthwatering cheeseburger I've been craving all week? I'll start anew tomorrow or maybe on Monday. And this time I'll really stick to it." In other words, having already spoiled your dieting self-concept, you decide to break your diet completely and make the most of your diet-free self-image. Failing at one small thing can cause you to abandon the effort altogether. ① All is well that ends well. ② One bad turn leads to another. ③ A bad workman blames his tools. ④ Action speaks louder than words. 【문 15】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 적절한 것은? The modern ecology movement that was spawned in the late 1960s and officially launched with the Earth Day celebration in 1970 introduced the idea of acknowledging the intrinsic value of species, along with their utilitarian value. Battles were waged from the 1970s onward over the question of preserving rare species versus economic development. The struggle to save the now infamous northern spotted owl against the threat posed by clear-cutting in the Pacific Northwest created a national controversy over the worth of a single species versus the loss of employment of thousands of loggers. , whaling practices that threaten the extinction of the world’s great sea mammals put Norwegian and Japanese whalers at odds with environmental activists and have stirred global public debate. ① Similarly ② Therefore ③ For example ④ Nevertheless 【문 16】다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은? Henri Matisse was born in 1869, the year the Cutty Sark, a beautiful little clipper ship, was launched. In 1954, the year he died, the first hydrogen bomb exploded at Bikini Atoll. Not only did he live on, literally, from one world into another; he lived through some of the most traumatic political events in recorded history, the worst wars, the greatest slaughters, the most demented rivalries of ideology. Yet Matisse never made a didactic painting or signed a manifesto, and there is scarcely one reference to a political event – let alone an expression of political opinion – to be found anywhere in his writings. Perhaps Matisse did suffer from fear and loathing like the rest of us, but there is no trace of them in his work. His paintings are the equivalent to the ideal place, away from the assaults and erosions of history. ① Matisse did not believe art could transcend reality. ② The turmoil of politics did not affect Matisse’s artistic world. ③ Matisse disagreed with contemporary ideological views. ④ Matisse’s achievements as a painter surpass those of any other artist. 【문 17】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 적절한 것은? [When people are grouped into societies, they face different kinds of tradeoffs. The classic tradeoff is between “guns and butter.”] (A) Thus, while pollution regulations give us the benefit of a cleaner environment and the improved health that comes with it, they have the cost of reducing the incomes of the firms’ owners, workers, and customers. (B) Also important in modern society is the tradeoffs between a clean environment and a high level of income. Laws that require firms to reduce pollution raise the cost of producing goods and services. So these firms end up earning smaller profits, paying lower wages, charging higher prices, or some combination of these three. (C) The more we spend on national defense (guns) to protect our shores from foreign aggressors, the less we can spend on consumer goods (butter) to raise our standard of living at home. ① B-A-C ② B-C-A ③ C-A-B ④ C-B-A 【문 18】다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? It is true that the police have exercised a degree of discipline in handling antiracism demonstrators. In this sense they have conducted themselves rather “nonviolently” in public. But for what purpose? To preserve the evil system of segregation. Over the past few years I have consistently preached that nonviolence demands that the means we use be as pure as the ends we seek. I have tried to make it clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong, or perhaps even more so, to use oral means to preserve immoral ends. Perhaps the police have been rather nonviolent in public, but they have used the moral means of nonviolence to maintain the immoral end of racial injustice. ① 인종 문제는 비폭력적 시위와 타협으로 해결해야 한다. ② 도덕적 수단으로 비도덕적 목적을 정당화해서는 안 된다. ③ 무분별한 시위 엄단으로 시민의 불편을 최소화해야 한다. ④ 정당한 목적을 위해 비도덕적 수단을 사용해서는 안 된다. 【문 19】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Some biologists have explained how evolution can lead to greater and greater degrees of . Repeatedly in the history of life, replicators have teamed up, specialized to divide the labor, and coordinated their behavior. It happens because replicators often find themselves in non-zero-sum games, in which particular strategies adopted by two players can leave them both better off, as opposed to a zero-sum game, where one player’s profit is another player’s loss. An exact analogy is found in the play by William Butler Yeats in which a blind man carries a lame man on his shoulders, allowing both of them to get around. During the evolution of life this dynamic has led replicating molecules to team up in chromosomes, cell organs to team up in cells, cells to form into complex organisms, and organisms to hang out in societies. ① fertility ② accuracy ③ resistance ④ cooperation |
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【문 20】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? The power of words is bound up with the images they evoke, and is quite independent of their real significance. ① In this sense, words whose meanings are the most ill-defined are sometimes those that possess the most influence. ② Such, for example, are the terms like democracy, socialism, equality, liberty, etc., whose meaning is so vague that bulky volumes do not suffice to precisely fix it. ③ Yet it is certain that a truly magical power is attached to those short syllables, as if they contained the solution of all problems. They synthesize the most diverse unconscious aspirations and the hope of their realization. ④ It is, therefore, important to avoid vagueness and to define our words clearly and precisely. 【문 21】적절한 어휘로 짝지어진 것을 고르시오. We often overlook various aspects of our lives that are desperate for attention until they become full-blown crises. Or we (A) [accept/ neglect] new ideas that could further our growth simply because they do not fit within the general framework of our preconceived notions and self-concepts. An enormous amount of time is spent simply reacting. It is as if we were robots programmed to respond on cue to whatever demands the least time and attention, and disregard anything that requires extra time and energy to think. We (B) [ skim / pore ] over the surface thoughtlessly. But we must acknowledge that thinking well is a time-consuming process. We can't expect (C) [lasting / instant] results. We have to slow down a bit and take the time to contemplate. It is the only path to a more meaningful and efficient existence. (A) (B) (C) ① neglect skim instant ② neglect pore lasting ③ accept skim instant ④ accept pore lasting 【문 22】다음 중 나머지 셋과 성격이 다른 것은? In the 1990s, supermodel Cindy Crawford was the perfect American dream girl: slim, tanned and natural-looking, with long, shiny hair. People have described her as “The Face of the Decade.” But people have not always had the same ideas about beauty. Until the 1920s, suntans were for poor people. Ladies stayed out of the sun to keep their faces as pale as possible; and in the age of Queen Elizabeth, fashionable ladies painted their faces with lead to make them whiter. Cindy Crawford’s hair would not have been popular in the 18th century, either. Ladies in those days never went out without their wigs which were so enormous and dirty that mice could have lived in them. And the beautiful women painted by Rubens in the 17th century would have to diet for months to become one of today’s super-models. Ideas of beauty are not only different in time but also in place. Brad Pitt, considered to be the ideal man in the U.S., might have a hard time attracting women of the Dinka tribe of Sudan. The Dinkas believe that “big is beautiful” and each year men compete to win the title of “the fattest man.” The winner is sure to find a wife easily because for the Dinkas fatness is a sign of wealth and power. ① Cindy Crawford in the 1990s ② suntanned ladies before the 1920s ③ Rubens’ beauties in the 17th century ④ the fattest man in the Dinka tribe 【문 23】다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? The Incas once ruled a great empire that covered a large part of South America. The empire was more than five hundred years old when Spanish explorers arrived in the sixteenth century. The Incas were an advanced people. They were skillful engineers who paved their roads and built strong bridges. Even though they did not know about the wheel, the Incas were able to move huge stone blocks – some as heavy as ten tons – up the sides of mountains to build walls. These walls have stood firm through great storms and earthquakes that destroyed many modern buildings. The Incas were great artists, too. Today, Incan pottery is prized for its wonderful designs. And since both gold and silver were in great supply, the Incas created splendid objects from these precious metals. ① 16세기에 스페인 탐험가들이 잉카 제국에 도착했다. ② 잉카인들은 도로를 닦는 기술을 가지고 있었다. ③ 잉카인들이 세운 장벽은 폭풍우로 인해 대부분 파괴되었다. ④ 잉카 제국의 도자기는 예술적 가치가 뛰어나다. 【문 24】다음 글의 제목으로 적절한 것은? The self-perpetuation nature of poverty has attracted the interest of both social scientists and policy makers. A number of anthropologists, notably Oscar Lewis, argue that poverty is not just an economic condition but a way of life that tends to perpetuate itself by failing to provide its members with the values and skills necessary to be successful in the larger society. According to Lewis, the culture of poverty is an adaptation of the poor to their marginal position in stratified, capitalistic societies. Some of the characteristics of this “culture” are lack of participation in the cultural and social institutions of the larger society, chronic shortage of cash and the absence of savings, low levels of education, mistrust of government and fear of the police, early sexual experience and a high rate of children born out of wedlock, and families centered on the mother, with fathers weak or absent. ① Which Skills Do the Poor Need? ② Are the Poor Really Unhappy? ③ Why Do the Poor Continue to Be Poor? ④ How Can the Poor Overcome Poverty? 【문 25】빈칸에 들어갈 적절한 것은? Pauses can be helpful in communicating. Long pauses can be used strategically to put pressure on another person to respond to a question or to concede an offer. Thus, creating a long pause puts pressure on the other person to fill the pause. Negotiators use this tactic to pressure an opponent to give in. The one who is often the one who concedes. In a study, participants from Taiwan and the US engaged in a negotiation, and a repeated pattern was observed: An American participant would make an offer; a long pause would ensue, during which time the Taiwan participant was thinking. Inevitably, the American would make a conceding offer before the Taiwan participant could respond to the initial offer. The Americans couldn't wait through the extended pause, taking the pause as a rejection of the offer. ① breaks the silence ② improvise responses ③ admits to failure reluctantly ④ isn't aware of emotional nuances |
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【문 1】필자의 어조로 적절한 것은? Hungry? Well, you’d better wait a second before you run to the supermarket. I’m sure you’ve heard of mad cow disease and how increasing numbers of humans are contracting a strain of it. It’s rather unnerving to think that eating only one bite of a contaminated piece of meat could lead to a fatal brain disorder, rendering your brain a useless sponge. Who would want to take such a risk when the odds are so high? And then, let’s not forget the wonders of genetically engineered foods, which have been shown to be a serious potential threat to ecosystems worldwide. ① Understanding ② Suspicious ③ Satisfied ④ Aggressive 【문 2】다음 중 어법상 적절한 것은? As you have seen in the media, the recent floods in Pakistan, ① triggered by weeks of torrential monsoons, have affected an estimated 14 million people, 6 million of ② them are children. This is more people than the Asian tsunami, the Kashmir earthquake and the Haiti earthquake combined. ③ Two-fifth of the country is now underwater. The area ravaged by the water is estimated to be at least 160,000 square kilometers - larger than the size of England. To help the people in Pakistan, the School Board is sending a message of hope and ④ collect money. We would like every student, staff member and parent to join in contributing to relief efforts in the region. All of the funds collected will be sent to UNICEF. 【문 3】빈 칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? Humanism is not at all opposed to technology, but it is opposed to technology that ceases to be a means and becomes an end in itself. Shall we not rejoice, from a humanist perspective, that physically oppressive work may be eliminated, that men and women may be replaced by machines that will perform the most burdensome tasks? Shall we not approve the possibility for people to live in greater comfort, to meet more easily, to learn more and more effectively? Yet all these advantages brought by technology cease to be advantages when the servant becomes a master preoccupied uniquely with its own interests. And this is true not only of machines. Observe our most indispensable institutions, the hospital, the school, the court, and so forth, and you will perceive that what should serve man can sometimes . ① relieve him of the unnecessary burden of life ② give him the power to dominate the world ③ reduce him in turn to the role of instrument ④ endow him with the ability to manipulate the technology 【문 4】빈 칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? Nelson Mandela is a good case study of the embodied sense of freedom. In the more than twenty-three years he was imprisoned, often in solitary confinement, he chose to befriend his jailers. He reached out to them as unique individuals with their own personal struggles. Rather than attempting to be invulnerable and stoic, he chose to be human. His jailers began to experience him as a human being. Their preconceived biases as they came to admire Mandela and finally trust him as a fellow human being whose struggles were not unlike their own. ① faded in ② piled up ③ took effect ④ melted away 【문 5】다음을 문맥에 맞게 배열한 것은? (A) The same applies to any skill. If you stop playing the piano for twelve months, you lose your touch. Stop using your creative imagination and it will evaporate. We are designed so that we need to, in fact, have to stay involved. Keep practicing the art of living. (B) Whatever we do not use, we lose. It is particularly easy to see the principle at work in our physical bodies. (C) In addition, when you practice extending yourself you become more courageous. Nobody gets to be courageous by locking himself in his bedroom, trying to save up his courage! We develop strength by regularly testing ourselves. (D) If you decide to spend three years in a wheelchair for no other reason except that you like sitting down, when three years are up, you will not be able to walk. Stop using your legs and they stop working. ① B-A-C-D ② D-C-A-B ③ B-D-A-C ④ D-A-B-C 【문 6】주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳으로 적절한 것은? [ Bio-fuels, however, are far more environmentally-friendly, releasing 60 to 80 percent less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when burned. ] A fossil fuel buried deep in the ground, oil is a finite resource that experts concur is fast running out. Greenhouse gas emissions from rampant oil consumption are having a devastating impact on the environment, too. (A) Currently, over 10 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions are caused by gasoline combustion in car engines, and motorists in the United States alone are collectively responsible for nearly half of this. (B) This is the main reason why many scientist and politicians around the world have begun to promote the production and use of bio-fuels as an alternative to our reliance on oil. (C) There is also hope that, because bio-fuels are renewable, they can also help ensure greater stability in fuel prices. (D) Some proponents even predict that the widespread use of bio-fuels may help to reduce global competition for resources such as oil and other fossil fuels. ① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D) 【문 7】다음 글을 통해서 Peace Corps 에 대해 추론할 수 있는 것은? The government policy that laid the foundation for the Peace Corps was first developed more than forty years ago. The American government has always understood that communism is often more attractive to the people of countries where food is short and life is hard. From 1950s onwards, they spent millions of dollars modernizing farms, constructing power stations and building roads in countries as far apart as Turkey and Colombia, Pakistan, and Chile. Foreign aid did not always take the forms of food, machines or money. Sometimes human skills were sent, in the form of teachers and technical experts. Soon after John F. Kenney became president, he started a new scheme of this kind when he set up an organization called the Peace Corps. ① It was organized in the 1950s. ② It sent most people to Turkey, Colombia, Pakistan and Chile. ③ It was John F. Kennedy’s favorite organization. ④ It was founded in some part to prevent the spread of communism. |
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【문 8】밑줄 친 the first one이 가리키는 것은? Be able to throw out your best joke. Sounds strange, doesn't it? And yet, I've found it to be profoundly true. Time and again when writing a script for "The Monkeys," "Love American Style," "The Bill Cosby Show" or any of the numerous animated films I've done, I'll come up with one joke that seems sensational and clearly is better than all the other jokes - but that doesn't exactly fit. I want it to be fit. It would be wonderful if it fits. But it doesn't. The overwhelming temptation is to use it anyway. After all, it's such a terrific joke. It seems a shame not to use it. But that's what craft is all about. Everyone knows a comedy script involves jokes, but it also involves characters, scenes, situation, development, dialogue and story. A sensational joke in the wrong script can throw everything else off and ruin the rhythm and the flow. What you need is not necessarily a lot of jokes, but the right jokes in the right places. Being able to throw out your best joke is so important that I consider it one of the fundamental laws of comedy writing. There are others. In fact, there are seven laws of comedy writing that I keep bumping into and rediscovering over and over again. Some are surprising; others are obvious. The Seven Laws of Comedy Writing apply throughout the wide spectrum of comedy. You've met the first one; here are the other six. ① Avoid too obvious jokes. ② Employ the contextually best -fit joke. ③ Always use a joke in a comedy script. ④ Discover the real meaning of joke. 【문 9】다음 편지 글의 목적은 무엇인가? Dear Mr. Jackson I have written to you several times over the past three months requesting an explanation on why you have failed to refund the debt. By ignoring these requests, you are damaging the excellent credit record you had previously maintained with our company. In addition, you are incurring additional expense to yourself and to us. Unless I hear from you within ten days, I will have no other choice but to turn your account over to a collection agency. I am sorry that we must take such drastic action but I am afraid you leave us no alternative. Sincerely, Serena Wilson ① To ask Mr. Jackson to have a credit check ② To remind Mr. Jackson of delinquent account ③ To inform Mr. Jackson about new business opportunity ④ To invite Mr. Jackson to a conference 【문 10】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않 은 것은? Bird owners face completely different sets of issues than do owners or more commonly kept pets such as dogs or cats, so all potential owners should know birds can be ① destructive. One of a bird’s most prominent features, its beak, grows continuously throughout the bird’s life, and must be worn down to ② prevent overgrowth. In order to keep the beak maintained, as well as to exercise jaw muscles, birds need to chew. Because of this, bird owners must be diligent about ③ supervising their pets so as to protect furniture and valuables from the beak’s fury. If you want to buy a bird, be prepared to offer it a plethora of safe and fun toys to rip, shred, and destroy. This will help ④ maximize the risk of your bird chewing on something that is not his. 【문 11】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? There might not have been as many fragrances to choose from as we enjoy today, but Victorian ladies did love scent as much as we ① do. Unfortunately, hygiene was not good at that time and fragrance was often used to mask odor. If you have ever stood beside someone who is wearing too much perfume, you have some idea of ② how it was like on a hot summer night at a gathering. A fragrance which used to ③ be called “Jicky” by Guerlain was extremely popular and a complete change from the flowery scents that women of that time period ④ were used to. In 1898, Jacque Rouche was experimenting with the use of synthetics in his fragrances. 【문 12】다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은? From 1972 to 1976, capital punishment was not enforced in the United State. That was because the Supreme Court decided that the procedures for imposing the death penalty were unconstitutional. For instance, a “unitary trial” procedure was adopted in Georgia, where the jury was required to decide whether the accused would be sentenced to death or life imprisonment. The Supreme Court understood that such a procedure violated the eighth amendment to the Constitution. Never in its history, however, has the Supreme Court decided that capital punishment is unconstitutional in itself. ① During the 19th century, capital punishment was suspended in the United States. ② The Supreme Court is not against the death penalty. ③ The unitary trial procedure in Georgia was not considered unconstitutional. ④ The eighth amendment to the Constitution bans capital punishment. 【문 13】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? As American society is a particularly competitive one, many parents want their children to play competitive sports as training for life. And some view academic competition the same way: as a warm-up for the “real world.” ① But Alfie Kohn, the country’s leading critic of competition, says that competition is to self-esteem as sugar is to teeth. ② Competition, he says, is inherently destructive because one person can only succeed if others fail. ③ Many parents believe that competitive endeavors build character, focus, and determination. ④ In addition, competition undermines many of the goals parents have for their children, including developing healthy self-esteem, accepting themselves as good people, and achieving the excellence of which they are capable. 【문 14】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. Two billion years ago, the Earth was completely devoid of oxygen, and all forms of life consisted of creatures so tiny that they would be invisible to the human eye. Gradually, these creatures began producing oxygen as a waste product, just as plants do now. However, at that time, for most life, oxygen was poisonous. As oxygen increased from 0% of our atmosphere two billion years ago to the present 21%, species were forced to evolve. Naturally, many species must have died in the poisonous atmosphere. However, some managed to adapt, and these were our ancestors. While it may seem difficult to believe that oxygen can be poisonous to life, this shows us . ① how rapidly we are polluting the earth ② that unpredictable results can come from disasters ③ that most species would have survived with oxygen ④ how crucial the food chain is to all creatures’ survival |
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【문 15】(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적 절한 것은? The Suya people of the Brazilian Amazon provide an interesting - if not particularly unusual - example of the way in which groups often (A) [appropriate/investigate] musical resources from others. Although they consider certain forms of songs to have originated among the Suya, certain others are claimed to be borrowed from other neighboring groups. Indeed, it is the very association of this music with (B) [outsiders/prayers] which is seen to give the music its power. However, whether the supposed creators of such music would still recognize it as "their own" when sung by the Suya, is another matter. In other words, even at such a local level when music is often closely linked to ecology, attempting to map music on to place becomes (C) [challenging/justifiable]. When we start to take into consideration large-scale musical exchanges and migrations, the notion of mapping becomes even messier and more problematic. (A) (B) (C) ① appropriate outsiders challenging ② investigate outsiders justifiable ③ appropriate prayers justifiable ④ investigate prayers challenging 【문 16】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않 은 것은? Capitalism heavily relies on competition in order to function well. Consumers search for products and services that maintain high quality at a reasonable price. When they perceive two or more products to be ① equal in value, they will obviously choose the one that is offered at the lowest price. Therefore, as different companies compete for increasingly larger market shares, they seek more ② efficient means of production. They are encouraged to innovate. A more efficient assembly line, for example, allows a company to produce more goods in less time, which gives it a ③ tremendous advantage over the competition because it can essentially charge a lower price. Companies in competition are always attempting to ④ worsen their product so that consumers ultimately view it as superior. 【문 17】다음 글을 쓴 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은? I can’t make specific remarks on your wife’s condition without meeting her in person. But I do know that many people engage in some kind of compulsive activity in an attempt to reduce anxiety or relieve depression. And, as you mentioned, people may purchase excessively to compensate for something they didn’t have during childhood. If your wife would like to change her compulsive behavior, I’d encourage her to see a therapist who can help her to understand and deal with whatever problem may lie behind the addiction. If she doesn’t want to change her behavior and it’s affecting your marriage, then I think the two of you might benefit from some marriage counseling. ① to warn ② to advise ③ to criticize ④ to advertise 【문 18】다음 글에서 밑줄 친 the opposite의 의미로 가장 적절한 것은? Wanting to find a way to produce cars that the average person could afford, Henry Ford invented the assembly line in 1913. As the framework of a car passed by each worker in the assembly line, he or she would perform a single specialized task, quickly repeating it each time. The assembly line method cut production time per car from fourteen hours to six. As a result, the price per car dropped from $600 to $360, enabling Ford to double his employees’ wages while reducing their workdays from nine hours to eight. Until then, the standard business practice had been to keep wages as low as possible and prices as high as possible. However, Henry Ford became rich by doing the opposite. ① 임금 인하와 제품 가격 인하 ② 임금 인하와 제품 가격 인상 ③ 임금 인상과 제품 가격 인하 ④ 임금 인상과 근로 시간 연장 【문 19】다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? Some students draw their energy from the outside world, enjoying interaction with other people, activities, or things. This is called extroversion. Meanwhile, others prefer to gain their energy from their own internal ideas, emotions, or impressions. People call this introversion. If you tend to be more extroverted, working in groups and discussing material with others help you understand and process new ideas better. On the other hand, you may be impatient and distracted by working on your own, and a class that is less varied and not as action-oriented may pose a particular challenge. In contrast, if you are more introverted, you don’t mind working on one project for a long time without interruption, but may be quiet in the classroom and dislike classes with a lot of oral presentations and group interactions and work. You also work best if you read lessons over before discussion and think before participating. ① 외향적인 사람들은 내향적인 사람들보다 그룹 프로젝트를 함으로써 더 많은 이익을 얻는다. ② 행동 지향적인 수업은 내향적인 사람들에게 보다는 외향적인 사람 들에게 더 힘들다. ③ 내향적인 사람들은 오랫동안 하나의 프로젝트를 중단 없이 더 잘 할 수 있다. ④ 당신이 내향적이라면, 당신은 수업 전에 토론에 준비를 하는 것이 더 좋을 것이다. 【문 20】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. When we claim that a certain fact is the cause of a certain other fact, there should be a real cause-and-effect relationship between the two facts. But it is not always an easy thing to see the relevance. For example, if a historian is investigating causes for the decline of the Roman Empire, should he learn the date when the Great Wall of China was built? Is this a relevant fact? On further investigation we find that it is. There does appear to be a cause-and-effect relationship between the building of the Chinese Wall and the decline of the Roman Empire. The Chinese built the Great Wall to protect their border. After it was built, the Huns couldn’t advance on China. Unable to move east, they turned westward and finally reached the Roman area. There they contributed significantly to the fall of the Roman Empire. This shows that . ① the fall of the Roman Empire affected world history ② apparently irrelevant facts may actually be more relevant than they seem ③ historians should distinguish casual facts from inevitable results ④ casual events may often be the spark that sets our imagination going |
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【문 21】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? There will be no one who will deny the usefulness of computers, but there are problems caused by them. Computer crime, a crime which is done using special knowledge of computer technology, is one of them. ① As information becomes more important, a number of white-collar crimes involve computers. ② As objects of crime, computers are used when someone wants to steal valuable information from them. ③ They are used to find some evidence of criminal acts that have occurred over long periods of times. ④ When a computer virus capable of changing computer memory is introduced into a computer system, the contents are damaged and become useless. What is worse, computers are used to plan criminal acts when frauds are programmed and executed. 【문 22】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. When we think of physical capital, what comes to mind are tools, machines, equipment, and factories. A new generation of management consultants and economists, however is counseling companies to avoid amassing physical capital. They say, “We need to talk away from the idea that owning is a necessary resource for fulfilling market needs. It often doesn’t pay to own capital equipment and ownership can prove to be something which will hinder the firm’s ability to move rapidly out of one business line and into another.” They understand that in a network economy, the capital as inventory must give way to ‘just-in-time’ capital as access to the use. Their first principle about capital is “ .” ① Use it, don’t own it ② Know its recent trend ③ Save it, don’t spend it ④ Buy it, don’t borrow it 【문 23】다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오. Dolphins live in close-knit family pods of about six to ten dolphins. But in the open waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, several pods may join temporarily to form larger groups of more than one hundred or even occasionally more than one thousand dolphins for the purpose of easy "cooperative feeding." They will encircle a large shoal of fish from all sides, much like cowboys herding cattle, using their bodies as a wall, with large males often roaming the periphery of a pod to protect it against predators. This group herding slows down the fish and forces them into a tight ball. Dolphins have other techniques, as when the older dolphins dive below a shoal, sending the school swimming upward to the rest of the pod who are waiting to feed. But the cooperative principle is always the same: The more dolphins in the herd, the easier it is to catch more fish, and the greater individual and collective benefit. ① 돌고래 가족의 한 무리는 6마리에서 10마리로 구성되어 있다. ② 큰 그룹을 형성하는 목적은 협동적인 먹이 구하기를 쉽게 하기 위 해서이다. ③ 협동의 원리는 상황에 따라 다양하다. ④ 더 많은 돌고래가 있는 무리는 더 많은 물고기를 잡는다. 【문 24】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳 은? [ This is as true of the drama as it is of painting or sculpture.] Strictly speaking, art is never naturalistic in the sense of being an exact copy of reality. ( ① ) The artist always differs from a photographer in giving values which nature does not supply, in stressing this or that part of his canvas, because either he individually or his school considers such emphasis essential. ( ② ) Shakespeare was more realistic than the French dramatists in making the rabble speak like common folk. ( ③ ) But he, too, made Greeks and Romans converse in English and crowded a quite unusual series of events within the scope of an evening's entertainment. ( ④ ) Realism, therefore, is a relative term, never to be taken absolutely. 【문 25】다음 내용을 한 문장으로 요약할 때, 빈 칸에 들어갈 말로 적절 한 것을 고르시오. Though no age of life escapes feelings of loneliness, a particular society can contribute strongly to such feelings. In today’s consumer society, people are encouraged to judge themselves by the things they have. We are so flooded by absurd advertising that we fail to reflect on what such advertising is really telling us. Pick any commercial on television and assume a critical distance from it. Ask yourself the following questions : What is the commercial saying about me? To what is it appealing in me? By what values is it asking me to live? It may be telling me that I am what I have. We can start judging people, both others and ourselves, by their property, their financial success, their clothes, or the size and price of their automobiles. This induces loneliness. è Too much irrational advertising in a consumer-based society ( A ) loneliness because the value of personal existence is judged by the ( B ) accumulated. (A) (B) ① fosters dignities ② fosters possessions ③ relieves dignities ④ relieves possessions |
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【문 1】다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 지칭하는 대상이 나머지 셋과 다른 하나는? ① Most people who have survived serious car accidents are likely to be very nervous about driving. They are afraid of driving even a mile over the speed limit and absolutely refuse to go any faster than the law allows. When they are not at the wheel, ② their fear increases, and they keep an eye on ③ the driver, offering advice about taking curves and slowing down for yellow lights. Overall, they are convinced that other drivers take far too many chances. Thus, ④ those who have survived auto accidents are more likely to be cautious and fearful. 【문 2】다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. People have been so accustomed to using the car for everything that it would never occur to them to employ their legs and see what they can do. The other day, for example, I was in a nearby town waiting to bring home one of my children from a piano lesson when a car stopped outside the local post office and a man about my age popped out and dashed inside with the motor running. He was inside for about three or four minutes, then came out, got in the car and drove about 16 feet to the general store next door, and popped in again, with engine still running. And the thing is that this man looked really fit. ① What a Convenient Life! ② Energy Saving Tactics ③ Give Your Car a Break! ④ Contact Your Neighbors! 【문 3】빈칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? Some people often say, "I must make sure I know all about this before I start." Here our intolerance for ( ) stops us from taking action. Sometimes we try to get more information but with this belief it is unlikely that it will ever be enough. One traveler recalled that for years he had been toying with the idea of motorcycling across Europe. Every time the dream got close to becoming a reality, he decided that he didn't know enough about the bike, the journey, first aid, the places he'd visit, the local languages or any of a host of imponderables. He told himself that more research was needed. His belief that 'I must be certain' prevented him from making a start. If everyone thought like this, there'd be no Edisons or Picassos, and not many books, films or new medicines either. If you need to play it safe, don't expect to leave your name in the history books. ① disagreement ② uniformity ③ ambiguity ④ commonness 【문 4】다음 중 어법상 적절하지 않은 것은? Although the women’s rights movement in the United States is thought of as a ① recent development, its beginnings date back a century and a half. At that time women were dependents in the eyes of the law, and they were ② deprived of the privileges of adults. A woman could not possess ③ that she had inherited or she had earned. Decisions about family matters and about the children ④ were made by her husband, the head of the family. 【문 5】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? About five years ago, I got a job at a local animal shelter. At the time I began my job, I was a big-time carnivore. However, the longer I worked at the shelter, the more ① uncomfortable I became with the fact that I was eating some animals at the same time that I was saving others. I was being ② irrational. More importantly, I was also being inhumane. A few of my coworkers were vegans, and I soon joined them. I don’t eat meat, dairy products, or eggs. I don’t buy clothing made from fur, leather, or wool. I’m not certain whether my diet produces any dramatic benefits in my health. But I do know that my behavior is now more ③ inconsistent with my moral code. I also know that no matter what kind of a day I had, at the very least I can go to bed knowing that I did not contribute to the ④ exploitation of sentient creatures. 【문 6】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? One of the reasons for the negative perception that some have toward aging is that, by and large, the younger generation today no longer looks to the older generation for advice. ① Consequently, the young, and sometimes the elderly themselves, fail to see and appreciate the wisdom that can come with age. ② Technology, at least in part, is to blame. Today, because technological knowledge becomes obsolete before the ink dries, the order of nature has been reversed and the young are teaching the old. ③ In addition, technological knowledge is increasingly becoming an effective tool to allow people of all ages to communicate and feel connected. ④ Generalizing from “technological knowledge” to “all knowledge,” many young people, believing that they have all the answers, do not respect the wisdom of their or appreciate the value of life experience. 【문 7】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳 은? Rather, it is the subjective sense of being cut off from people and having no one to turn to that is the medical risk. Isolation is harder on men than on women. Isolated men were two to three times more likely to die than were men with close social ties. For isolated women, the risk was one and a half times greater than for more socially connected women. ( ① ) The difference between men and women in the impact of isolation may be because women’s relationships tend to be emotionally closer than men’s. ( ② ) A few strands of such social ties for a woman may be more comforting than the same small number of friendships for a man. ( ③ ) Of course, solitude is not the same as isolation; many people who live on their own or see few friends are content and healthy. ( ④ ) This finding is ominous in the light of the increasing isolation bred by solitary TV-watching and the falling away of social habits, and suggests an added value to self-help groups such as Alcoholic Anonymous. |
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【문 8】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? Hope, not fear, is the creative principle in human affairs. All that has made man great has sprung from the attempt to secure what is good, not from the struggle to avert what was thought evil. ① It is because modern education is so seldom inspired by a great hope that it so seldom achieves a great result. ② The wish to preserve the past rather than the hope of creating the future dominates the minds of those who control the teaching of the young. ③ These teachers assert that optimists are more likely to succeed in life than pessimists, their opposites. ④ Education should not aim at a passive awareness of dead facts, but at an activity directed towards the world that our efforts are to create. 【문 9】다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? To be in a state of poverty is to be in a situation without choices. And it produces the sense of being shaped by forces beyond one’s understanding and control, which renders the self insecure in all its aspects – personal relationships, moral and intellectual beliefs. Finally, and as a result of these conditions, poverty is a feeling of personal unimportance. The conviction that the self is worthless is what matters, for it sometimes destroys one’s worth as a man. In short, poverty is . ① harmful for the formation of self ② what one can escape by his own efforts ③ a choice to live morally and humanly ④ something that is forced by the society 【문 10】다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? During the Renaissance era, there was no clear distinction between the role of the ‘artist’ and the ‘chemist.’ Thus, famous artists such as Jan van Eyck, Leonardo da Vinci and Rubens, are also famous for having developed their own recipes of paint. However, from the 18th century, the role of the ‘artist’ was distinguished from the ‘chemist.’ This shift in who actually produces new color is essential in increasing opportunities for us to enjoy colors. Renaissance artists usually kept their color recipes as craft secrets, whereas a ‘chemist’ would be more interested in developing new colors and selling them to as many people as possible. It was from this point that color began to saturate our daily life. ↓ As (A) took over the role of (B) , we can now enjoy various colors. (A) (B) ① artists …… creating pictures ② artists …… producing colors ③ chemists …… creating pictures ④ chemists …… producing colors 【문 11】밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 적절하지 않은 것은? Well-educated immigrants to Canada ① are four times more likely to be unemployed ② as Canadian-born workers with a university degree. Among immigrants, recent ones have an even higher rate of unemployment. They cite poor language skills and an unfamiliar labor market as the major hurdles they face. Labor analysts think it is essential that they ③ be successfully integrated into the workplace. In this regard, various social activist groups are calling for more assistance ④ to be made available to new immigrants. 【문 12】(A),(B),(C)의 어휘 중 문맥에 맞는 적절한 것을 고르시오. The fact that the milk is organic has nothing to do with its longer shelf life. Labeling the milk as organic only means that the cows on the dairy farm were not given antibiotics or hormones which (A) [ promote / suppress ] a cow’s milk production. The reason it has a longer shelf life is due to the ultra high temperature process where the milk is heated to 140’C for three seconds. This kills all the microorganisms that may be in the liquid – it is sterile. Most regular milk today is (B) [irrelevant / subjected ] to the flash pasteurization method where the milk is at about 72 ‘C for 15 seconds. This process does not kill all microbes that may be in the milk; only the germs have been eliminated. Because there are bacterial species that are (C) [ tolerant / intolerant ] of this process, the milk can spoil if left on the refrigerated shelf too long. (A) (B) (C) ① promote irrelevant tolerant ② suppress subjected intolerant ③ promote subjected tolerant ④ suppress irrelevant intolerant 【문 13】다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은? It is clear that we face both practical and conceptual difficulties when seeking to maximize human well-being. Consider, for instance, the tensions between freedom of speech, the right to privacy, and the duty of every government to keep its citizens safe. Each of these principles seems fundamental to a healthy society. The problem, however, is that in some cases each is hostile to the other two. Certain forms of speech painfully violate people’s privacy and can even put society itself in danger. Should I be able to film my neighbor through his or her bedroom window and upload this footage onto YouTube as a work of “journalism?” Clearly, appropriate limits to free expression exist. Likewise, too much respect for privacy would make it impossible to gather the news or to prosecute criminals and terrorists. And too zealous a commitment to protecting innocent people can lead to unbearable violations of both privacy and freedom of expression. ① We can confront some obstacles that can restrain human well-being. ② In some cases, free expression can infringe on people’s privacy. ③ One principle conflicts with another only in extreme situations. ④ It is not always easy to keep a balance between respect for privacy and protecting people. 【문 14】다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 것으로 가장 적절한 것은? We can instantaneously see and feel war through the medium of TV as it shows us the rawness of violence. While blood is spilled on the battlefield, some denounce this war as illegal and unjust. On the other hand, a multitude of justifications are used to support it. What is happening in these moments? The truth is that all war is tragic: the shedding of blood and tears, and a drama of dehumanization. War is the antithesis of civilization. Try to mentally see the bodies blown to pieces and hear the explosion of the bombs and painful cry from the wounds. Stop thinking whether this war is just or unjust, divided by different viewpoints and ideologies. Be aware of our own humanity through the tragic reality of war. ① TV 매체를 통해서 전쟁을 판단해서는 안 된다. ② 이데올로기 관점에서 전쟁의 정당성을 판단해선 안 된다. ③ 전쟁을 정당화하려는 것은 잘못된 이데올로기에 사로잡힌 것이다. ④ TV 매체에서 다루는 전쟁은 더욱 폭력적인 모습으로 왜곡되었다. |
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【문 15】다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? One of the best examples of the trend toward worldwide (A) comes from black-and-white photographer John Spence Weir, who has been visually documenting the modern history of Mexico for the past fifty years. According to him, the story of Mexico is really the story of the slow removal of color. At one time all the houses were purple, pink, yellow and orange. The clothes and baskets, markets and people, were colorful, too. But today, no one wants a purple house with yellow shutters. They all want beige. Everything is beige ─ beige clothes, beige stores, beige garden walls. The wealthy people wanted their homes to look just like the houses in the United States. So they started painting them beige. He said, “If I have a regret, it’s that I should have been photographing Mexico in (B) . I missed the entire story.” (A) (B) ① competition …… color ② competition …… person ③ uniformity …… focus ④ uniformity …… color 【문 16】다음 글의 요지로 적절한 것을 고르시오. Biofuels are widely perceived as an environmental asset capable of cleaning up vehicle emissions overnight. But in reality biofuel production may cause more harm than good in the long run. Forests disappearing in the name of biofuels equate to a loss of habitat for endangered species. The fallen trees add large amounts of carbon dioxide(CO2) to air that is already polluted as the cattle farmers burn whatever timber they cannot sell. Poor regions that cannot grow plentiful harvests of any kind fall victim to skyrocketing food prices. Growing corn for ethanol production consumes fuel for trucks and harvesters and for running ethanol refineries. Cornell University's David Pemental said directly in 2007, "Biofuels are a total waste and misleading us from getting at what we really need to do: conservation." A renewable energy source cannot have a future if it ultimately worsens poverty and devastates the environment. ① 치솟는 식량 가격 때문에 가난한 지역의 경제가 어려워지고 있다. ② 바이오 연료는 환경문제를 다룰 수 있는 유일한 실행 가능한 해결 책이다. ③ 바이오 연료 개발은 장기적으로 많은 문제점을 야기한다. ④ 재생 가능 에너지 산업은 경제적 효용 가치가 낮다. 【문 17】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. The hallmark of creative people is their . Like race-car drivers who shift in and out of different gears depending on where they are on the course, they are able to shift in and out of different types of thinking depending on the needs of the situation at hand. This trait is best summarized as having a nimble, associative mind. That means a mind that is quick to generate lots of unique options and insights. Sometimes, they’re open and probing, and at other times, they’re playful and off-the-wall. At still other times, they’re critical and fault-finding. And finally, they’re doggedly persistent in striving to reach their goals. When situations change, they are willing to break out of their old pattern in order to create a new one. Change becomes their friend, and they have the ability and the willingness to make adjustments along the way. ① mental flexibility ② positive attitudes ③ passion for the task ④ vast knowledge of subjects 【문 18】다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? It is a mistake to talk about any country as if it had an integrated, homogeneous culture. Societies are becoming so culturally diverse, and important cross-national differences definitely exist. By understanding these differences we are able to get a much better appreciation of “foreign” practice. (A) , we are able to gain a much better appreciation of our own. One of the interesting aspects of culture is that it creates a form of “blindness” and ethnocentrism. In providing taken-for-granted codes of action that we recognize as “normal,” it leads us to see activities that do not conform with these codes as abnormal. (B) , a full awareness of the nature of culture shows us that we are all equally abnormal in this regard. There is considerable value in adopting the standpoint of the cultural stranger because, in becoming aware of the stranger’s point of view, we can see our own in a refreshingly new perspective. (A) (B) ① For example …… Therefore ② For example …… However ③ At the same time …… However ④ At the same time …… For example 【문 19】(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절 한 것은? The pay for performance (PFP) system has some problems. One of the problems is that there is a natural tendency for staff to (A) [overrate/underrate] themselves and then feel upset when they are not evaluated in the highest category. If the pay for PFP systems focuses primarily on merit, it could cause all but the superstars to have (B) [positive/negative] reactions. Studies show that most employees rate their performance in the 80th percentile when they compare themselves with others in the organization. Given the fact that an organization cannot pay to the satisfaction of everyone, it is not surprising that many employees who work in organizations that provide (C) [impartial/differential] pay rewards feel they are underpaid relative to their coworkers. (A) (B) (C) ① overrate …… negative …… impartial ② overrate …… negative …… differential ③ underrate …… positive …… impartial ④ underrate …… negative …… differential 【문 20】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. Bertrand Russell always thought of himself as a skeptic. At the same time he never doubted that human life could be transformed by the use of reason. The two points of view do not easily coexist. Among the ancient Greeks, skepticism was a path to inner tranquility, not a program of social change. In early modern times, Montaigne revived skepticism in order to justify his withdrawal from public affairs. For Russell such withdrawal was unthinkable. He was a scion of a noble Whig family – his grandfather Lord John Russell had brought in the Great Reform Act that started England on the path to democracy in 1832. Reform was in his blood. It was natural, then, that he should try to show that skepticism and a belief in the possibility of progress need not be at odds. The result is a collection of some of the most beautifully written and engaging essays in the English language, in which he tries to show that . ① reform should be made gradually ② skepticism finally leads to decadence ③ skeptical doubt can change the world ④ knowledge is acquired through rational reasoning |
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【문 21】다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. One of the weaknesses of highly educated people today – whether in business, medicine, or government – is that they are satisfied to be versed in one narrow specialty and have a contempt for the other areas. One need not know in detail what to do with “human relations” as an accountant, or how to promote a brand-new product if one is an engineer. But one has a responsibility to know at least what these areas are about and why they are around. One need not be an international lawyer to do a good job in the Department of Agriculture. But one had better know about international politics not to do international damage through a parochial farm policy. One need not be an expert in all the fundamentals, but one should know minimally what the other areas are about. ① 다른 분야의 지식도 최소한으로 갖추어야 한다. ② 변화하는 환경에 맞추어 새로운 지식을 습득해야 한다. ③ 추상적인 지식보다는 구체적인 지식을 가져야 한다. ④ 두루 아는 것보다 한 분야를 깊이 아는 것이 낫다. 【문 22】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? According to a report, over 70 percent of all college students had credit cards, and the typical student’s credit card balance grew to $2,748. (A) Targeting a profitable market of young consumers, these credit companies use many tactics to lure new college students into applying for their cards. For example, smiling salespeople stand behind tables offering free goodies like candy bars, school sweatshirts, and even airline tickets. (B) In addition, they flood students’ mailboxes with credit card offers and pay the college bookstores to stuff applications into every plastic bag. (C) What has caused this jump in credit card debt among college students nationwide? A major cause of growing student debt is that credit card companies bombard college students the minute they step on campus. ① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (C) – (A) – (B) ④ (C) – (B) – (A) 【문 23】다음 글의 제목으로 적절한 것은? My wife and I once took a hike in Canada. This was during our early days in North America, when every distance seemed ten items longer than we'd ever imagined. We were trying to escape from a lakeshore where giant mosquitoes were eating us alive and had decided to walk to the nearest town. We walked and walked over a never-ending dirt road under a bright sun. A large station wagon with a Canadian family slowed down next to us and the driver leaned out, asking "Do you need a ride?" When he told us how far the town still was, we were more than happy to accept it. This is so-called low-cost altruism, when one isn't going much out of the way for someone else but still offers substantial help. We do it all the time. If someone at the airport drops his boarding pass and I alert him to it, it costs me very little, but saves my fellow passenger much grief. We also customarily hold the door that we just went through for someone who comes after us, slide aside on a park bench for someone who wants to sit, or hold back an unknown child who's about to run onto the street at the wrong moment. ① A Valuable Lesson from Painful Experiences ② Get Along with Local People While Traveling ③ Helping Others with Little Sacrifice ④ A Way to Change Someone's Mind: Speak with Sincerity 【문 24】다음 글과 일치하는 것으로 가장 적절한 것은? Ice cream as we know it today is the result of an evolution for about five centuries that began in Europe. Its origin may have been in the practice of runners bringing snow from the tops of mountains to cool the beverages of royalty. Later it was learned that beverages and fruit juices could be frozen by stirring them in a vessel chilled on the outside with a mixture of salt and ice. Such products frozen to a slush consistency were much like our ices of today. Gradually small amounts of cream and milk were mixed into such items giving products similar to our current sherbets. As more milk and cream were introduced, the products more closely resembled our present day ice cream. Ice cream recognizable as such was known in England in the early 1700s, but was still a rare item when served in the United States to White House guests by Dolly Madison in 1809. ① 우리가 알고 있는 아이스크림은 5세기에 발명되었다. ② 초창기 유럽에서 아이스크림은 음료수와 과일 주스만을 얼려서 제 작되었다. ③ 오늘날 아이스크림과 비슷한 것은 1700년대 초 미국에서 만들어졌다. ④ 1809년에 백악관에서도 아이스크림은 여전히 희귀했다. 【문 25】punishment에 대한 필자의 태도로 적절한 것은? We must realize the futility of trying to impose our will upon our children. No amount of punishment will bring about lasting submission. Today’s children are willing to take any amount of punishment in order to assert their “rights.” Confused and bewildered parents mistakenly hope that punishment will eventually bring results, without realizing that they are actually getting nowhere with their methods. At best, they gain only temporary results from punishment. When the same punishment has to be repeated again and again, it should be obvious that it does not work. ① Approving ② Critical ③ Sympathetic ④ Indifferent |
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【문 1】본문의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? Dear Mr. Moore As you may already know, the National Association of Advertisers will be holding its annual convention. Our records indicate that your company has been an active participant in our last five annual conventions and we are looking forward to seeing you again at the gathering next year. Our main theme will be “Advertising in a Virtual World.” But as usual we are looking for a variety of participants that represent the entire spectrum of advertising activity. Although the convention is still nine months away, it isn’t too early to reserve space on the exhibition floor or time slots for presentations. If your company is planning on taking part as an exhibitor or presenter, please fill out the attached form and return it to us as soon as possible. Bear in mind that exhibition space and presentation times are allotted on a first come, first served basis to those who put down a small holding fee, with the balance due 60 days before the convention begins. Also, there is a substantial 15 % discount for early registration. We look forward to hearing from you and to seeing you next July. Sincerely, Clarence Dalton Convention Committee Chairman ① This is not the first time for the National Association of Advertisers to hold a convention. ② Only one theme will be addressed in the convention. ③ Nine months is left before the convention is held. ④ Fee is required to reserve exhibition space or presentation time. 【문 2】다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. As government functions in many countries are increasingly delivered within democratic systems, it is essential that the capacity of all branches of government, in addition to that of the executive branch, also be developed. The important oversight functions of national assembly or parliament, particularly in the allocation and use of public funds, can, for example, only be adequately carried out if their technical abilities are enhanced. Similarly, the capacity of the judicial system would need to be strengthened if regulatory frameworks are to be applied impartially, if secure systems of property rights are to be upheld, and if an efficient system for the enforcement of contractual obligations is to emerge. ① 신속한 국정 처리를 위해서 입법 절차가 간소화되어야 한다. ② 사법부의 행정부와 입법부 견제 기능이 보다 강화되어야 한다. ③ 사회가 발전할수록 정부 기능이 복잡하고 비대해지기 쉽다. ④ 정부의 각 기능별 능력은 치우침 없이 골고루 강화되어야 한다. 【문 3】다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 지칭하는 대상이 나머지 셋과 다른 하나는? When new hires start their careers with the Four Seasons Hotels, they receive an immediate message about their importance to this company. All new ① employees are asked to spend a night or two in the hotel where they will work prior to joining the company. They experience firsthand what it is like to be a guest in a luxury hotel. ② They see their new workplace from the guest’s eyes before being asked to see it from an employee’s perspective. The company also lets new hires know right away that their ideas and input are important. The companies askss that each new employee complete detailed reports about ③ his or her stay, and from this information ④ they get valuable data to help them identify areas in the hotel that may need additional attention. Both the new employee and the hotel benefit from the experience. 【문 4】다음 글에서 밑줄 친 That attitude의 의미로 가장 적절한 것은? Socrates believed that if you are truly wise you will not be obsessed with possessions. Practicing to an extreme what he taught, he even refused to wear shoes. Yet, he loved to visit the market place and look with admiration at the great abundance of wares on display. One day, someone asked him why he was interested in looking at all those things. Socrates replied, “I love to go there and discover how many things I am perfectly happy without.” That attitude is contrary to the commercial messages that continually bombard our eyes and ears. Advertisers spend millions telling us about the latest products that we can’t be happy without. ① 물질에 초연한 것 ② 말과 행동이 다른 것 ③ 보편적 진리를 추구하는 것 ④ 물질적인 만족을 추구하는 것 【문 5】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은? For our ancestors, however, there was a problem with being an omnivore. Humans, like many primates, are omnivores, which means they eat both plants and animals. Incidentally, it is interesting to note that although we have some front cutting teeth, like those of carnivores, our back teeth (molars) are more like those of herbivores. ( ① ) This is one of many facts that suggest that we have been omnivores for some time. ( ② ) It has been argued from an evolutionary perspective that there was a distinct advantage for our ancestors to be omnivores; it meant they were not dependent on one type of food source. ( ③ ) Should one supply run out, they could readily shift to another source. ( ④ ) This increased the odds of being poisoned. The more foods that one ate, the greater the likelihood of being poisoned. 【문 6】다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Pessimists are right when they say that, if the world continues as it is, it will end in disaster for all humanity. If all transport depends on oil, and oil runs out, then transport will cease. But notice the conditional if. The world will not continue as it is. That is the whole point of human progress, the whole message of cultural evolution, and the whole import of dynamic change. The human race has become a collective problem-solving machine and it solves problems by changing its ways. It does so through invention driven often by the market: scarcity drives up price, which encourages the development of alternatives and of efficiencies. It has happened often in history. When whales grew scarce, petroleum was used instead as a source of oil. The pessimists' mistake is . ① insisting that words speak louder than actions ② keeping their own insight and wisdom to themselves ③ assuming that the future is just a bigger version of the past ④ denying the notion of society and encouraging separateness |
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【문 7】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은? Actually, however, dead things are not classified with non-living things; for the latter has no life, but, more importantly, it never did possess life. It may seem easy to define what living things are, but actually to do so with scientific accuracy is really difficult. All that can be said is that living things possess certain characteristics in common, and these provide the power which results in the phenomenon of what is called life. ( ① ) On the other hand, certain familiar objects, such as a piece of glass or a bar of iron, have no life, and are said to be non-living. ( ② ) A dead plant or animal could conceivably be placed in the latter category. ( ③ ) On the other hand, a dead thing, though it no longer possesses life, did so at one time. ( ④ ) There are, therefore, three groups of matter from the biologist’s point of view: living, dead, and non-living. 【문 8】다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Can anyone be joyous during wartime? For both winners and losers, war is a curse. It brings nothing but death and destruction. It destroys feelings of compassion and understanding, and it encourages aggression and brutality. To those who argue that war is not a curse but a reasonable and rational way to defend property and prestige, I can only shake my head in sorrow. Even the necessity of self-defense cannot be an adequate for war, the most terrible of human tragedies. ① benefit ② justification ③ symbol ④ opportunity 【문 9】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? There are many wonders regarding the behaviors of animals. One of them is the return of salmon to their birth place. (A) How do they return to their birthplace so far away? Scientists do not know exactly how a salmon “remembers” its way back to its native stream after an ocean journey possibly lasting several years and covering several thousand miles. (B) Some of them theorize that this internal compass uses the infinitely small electrical voltages generated by the ocean currents as they travel through the earth’s magnetic field. Others believe that the salmon’s homing mechanism may take its cues from the varying salinities of the water or specific smells encountered along the journey. (C) They agree, however, that salmon, like homing pigeons, appear to have an innate compass or “search recognition” mechanism that operates independently of astronomical or physical signs. ① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (C) – (A) ③ (C) – (A) – (B) ④ (C) – (B) – (A) 【문 10】주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 순서로 적절한 것은? [ Leaders who continually remind their followers of a long history of outrages their nation has suffered produce a vengeful violent people. ] (A) In contrast, Nelson Mandela tried to break the endless cycle of violence. In leading South Africa, he refused to indulge in the bitter past and moved his divided nation toward reconciliation. (B) Similarly, Yakubu Gowon in Nigeria worked hard not to punish the Ibo after the Biafran rebellion was crushed in the late 1960s, preventing bloodshed. (C) For example, Archbishop Makarios in Cyprus continued to stir up hatred against the Turks after he came to power. This made peace between Greeks and Turks almost impossible, and it did much to set up the catastrophic invasion by the Turkish army. ① (A)-(B)-(C) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (C)-(A)-(B) ④ (C)-(B)-(A) 【문 11】다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르세요. Are you tired of always being told to “look on the bright side”? Are you criticized for imagining worst-case scenarios? Do you wish your optimistic friends would just leave you alone and let you be negative? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you may be one of the millions of people who have learned to cope with the pressures of modern life by using defensive pessimism, a strategy of imagining the worst-case scenario of any situation. Indulging in negative thoughts like these actually helps people go on to do their best by preparing for the worst. In fact, many people perform more poorly when forced to think positive, since negative thinking is often an effective strategy for managing anxiety. ① Looking on the Bright Side of Life ② Defensive Pessimism: A Risky Strategy ③ The Positive Power of Negative Thinking ④ Negative Thinking Versus Positive Illusions 【문 12】다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? The Moon is more than a quarter of the diameter of the Earth, which makes the Earth the only planet in the solar system with a sizeable moon in comparison to itself. Then what difference does it make to us? Without the Moon's steadying influence, the Earth would wobble like a dying top causing dramatic changes in climate and weather. The Moon's steady gravitational influence keeps the Earth spinning at the right speed and angle to provide the sort of stability necessary for the long and successful development of life. This won't go on forever. The Moon is slipping from our planet at a rate of about 1.5 inches a year. In another two billion years it will have receded so far that it won't keep us steady and we will have to come up with some other solution, but in the meantime you should think of it as much more than just a pleasant feature in the night sky. ①The Earth: Home of Life in the Universe ②Effects of Gravitational Pull in the Universe ③Conditions for Maintaining Life on the Earth ④The Moon: A Supportive Companion of the Earth 【문 13】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 적절한 것은? A good illustration of the importance of feedback is contained in the responses of a group of blind women interviewed by a team of Italian psychologists. They were asked ① describing the most enjoyable experiences in their lives. For these women, many of ② who had been sightless since birth, the most frequently mentioned enjoyable experiences were the result of reading books in Braille, praying, and helping each other in case of sickness or other need. Of the people ③ were interviewed by the team, these blind women stressed more than anyone else the importance of receiving clear feedback as a condition for enjoying whatever they were doing. ④ Unable to see what was going on around them, they needed to know even more than sighted people whether what they were trying to accomplish was actually coming to pass. 【문 14】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? There are two reasons why it is important to face a feeling, examine it and evaluate it at the time you encounter it, ① how small it may be. One is that you get it off your chest before you magnify it far beyond its true proportion. ② The other is that you start to build patterns of feeling, thinking, and action which are bound to bring about some change in your problem. The great problems you may have, which ③ prevent you from enjoying live, were originally small ones – when you were a child. You allowed them to grow into monsters because you knew no better. Now as a mature adult, you can know better – and you can gain that knowledge by taking a fresh look at ④ yourself. |
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【문 15】빈칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? It cannot be too often repeated that it is not the sunshine and calm and pleasant experiences that make men great, but its rugged experiences, its storms, and trials. Early hardship, especially, is often . It is the rough Atlantic Ocean, the cold, dark, winter nights, the fierce "northers," that make the British and the American sailors the toughest and most skillful in the world. The training in the school of hardship and sorrow produces the most able pupils, and the hill of difficulty is the best of all exercises for the strengthening of mental backbones. Great men can no more be made without trials than bricks can be made without fire. ① a double-edged sword ② two peas in a pod ③ a blessing in disguise ④ a case in point 【문 16】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? Every situation, properly ① perceived, becomes an opportunity. But you have to act on it if you're going to be successful. Distant pastures always look greener than ② those close at hand, but real opportunities are right where you are. You must take advantage of them when they appear. Success is not in your environment, in luck or chance, or in the help of others. Success is in yourself alone. Take a second look at ③ what appears to be someone's "good luck." You'll find not luck but preparation, planning and success-producing thinking. When you're prepared for opportunity, your chance for success is sure to come. The season of failure is the best time for sowing the seeds of success. Decide that this year will be your year for success and prepare for it ④ happens. 【문 17】주어진 문장이 들어가기에 적절한 곳은? [The process of agriculture, the food we eat, the clothes we wear and our social relations were all at one time under the domain of religion and its high priests.] Belief in a supreme being does not always play the uplifting and civilizing role that it did in the past. (A) Religion, though it has undoubtedly brought comfort to innumerable human beings and stabilized society by its values, has checked the tendency to change and progress inherent in human society. (B) However, as knowledge advances, the domain of religion shrinks. The more we understand life and nature, the less we look for supernatural causes. (C) Whatever we can understand and control ceases to be a mystery. (D) Gradually they have passed out of its control and become subjects for scientific study. ① A ② B ③ C ④ D 【문 18】18. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? Alaska was a possession of Russia from the time it was discovered in 1741. As early as 1855, Russia attempted to sell the land to the United States. But it wasn’t until 1867 that Secretary of State William Steward negotiated a treaty to buy it. ① Americans called the new land Steward’s Folly or Steward’s Icebox. ② The ice box was used long ago, but there was no record about who invented it first. ③ Gold was discovered at the end of the century and President Taft made Alaska a territory in August, 1912. ④ Alaskans fought for statehood for over 40 years, but Alaska officially became the 49th state when President Eisenhower signed the statehood proclamation on January 3, 1959. 【문 19】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. Contrary to popular belief, you don’t have to be a naturally talented writer to write high-quality articles. Whether you are writing articles for a newspaper or magazine, the most important thing is that your article needs to be . People are always rushing these days, and they are not going to want to read long articles. The point is that you should write a 400-600 word article. That range is ideal because articles that look like college discourse will not be perceived easily, and articles shorter than 300 words do not seem to provide enough information. Four-to-six-hundred-word articles allow you to effectively inform in a brief style. ① unique and creative ② grammatically correct ③ concise and informative ④ professional and credible 【문 20】다음 빈칸에 가장 알맞은 것으로 짝지은 것을 고르시오. As we get older, what is important to us also changes. The goals that we set for ourselves in our twenties are different from those we set for ourselves in our forties and our sixties. Studies have shown, for instance, that young people are more likely to have goals that involve seeking new information, acquiring knowledge, and experiencing novelty. When faced with a choice between having dinner with their favorite author and their favorite aunt, they choose the former. Older people, (A) , make the opposite choice. They are more concerned with emotionally meaningful goals - maximizing positive emotions and avoiding unpleasant ones - than with expanding their information horizons. (B) , the priorities that we place on our goals change with the time. (A) (B) ① by contrast In sum ② for example Accordingly ③ by contrast Instead ④ for example Likewise 【문 21】다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 어휘의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 거 은? Perhaps the allure of the lawn is the human genes. The sociobiologists think so: they’ve gone so far as to propose a “Savanna Syndrome” to explain our ① fondness for grass. Encoded in our DNA is a preference for an open grassy landscape ② resembling the shortgrass savannas of Africa on which we evolved and spent our first few thousand years. A grassy plain dotted with trees ③ lacks safety from predators and a suitable environment for grazing animals ; this is said to explain why we have remade the wooded landscape of Europe and North America in the image of East Africa. Thorstein Veblen, too, thought the popularity of lawns might be a throwback to our ④ pastoral roots. “The close-cropped lawn,” he wrote in The Theory of the Leisure Class, “is beautiful in the eyes of a people whose inherited bent it is to readily find pleasure in contemplating a well-preserved pasture or grazing land.” |
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【문 22】다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. If you were a bird, would you bring live snakes into your nest? “Never!” you say. Yet, one species of bird does just that – the screech owl. Screech owls kill and eat some blind snakes, but others are brought to the nest to live in nest debris, a protected environment with abundant food. There they eat insect larvae from the decomposer community in fecal matter and uneaten prey. The snakes remain in the nest until the chicks fledge and the adults abandon the nest. The owl also benefits from living with snakes. Consumption of larvae by snakes reduces larval parasitism an owl nestlings or larval competition with nestlings for food stored in the nest. A comparison of nests with and without snakes revealed that chicks living with snakes grew faster and suffered lower mortality. ① Weird Behaviors of Birds ② Snakes – Housekeepers for Owls ③ Snakes in Owl Nests: A Novel Partnership ④ Why Rivalry Is Unavoidable in the Wild 【문 23】(A),(B),(C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 잘 짝지은 것은? Professor Antonio Damasio believes that emotions (A) [ interefere / assist ] with cognitive tasks like reasoning and decision making. When we reason about situations and predict different outcomes, we use our emotions to evaluate the hypothetical outcomes and to inform our decisions. Imagine you’re giving a presentation tomorrow and need to prepare, but you also feel like popping in a DVD and relaxing. Opting to prepare is the responsible choice, but it is not merely a matter of reason winning out over emotion. Your choice still involves emotion: you imagine the scenario in which you watch the movie and find yourself, the next day, standing in front of a group of colleagues (B) [ unprepared / confident ]. The uneasy feeling elicited by that embarrassing situation nudges you toward the right path. Imagining consequences can make a bad decision painful and a good one pleasant. Of course, sometimes we choose to ignore the built-in (C) [ warning / rewarding ] system and make bad decisions anyway. (A) (B) (C) ① interfere unprepared warning ② interfere confident rewarding ③ assist unprepared warning ④ assist confident rewarding 【문 24】잉카 제국에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? The Inca emperor derived his huge power and authority from the gods. The supreme god was the sun god. It was from him that the ruler passed on his right to rule to his cleverest son. The land holdings were immense; there were rich farmlands and woolly-haired animals for wool. Precious metals were plentiful: silver, copper, bronze, and the most sacred of all, gold. There was no lack of idols and ornaments hammered from this gleaming metal. There was always more gold coming from the mines to refill the supply. At the peak of his power, the Inca ruler died without naming his successor. In 1493 two sons began a fierce fatal struggle for control. For the next 40 years, the empire sank into a listlessness caused by civil war. ① 최고로 숭배하는 신은 태양신이었다. ② 영토가 광활했으며 비옥한 농지를 가지고 있었다. ③ 태양신 이외의 우상들은 황금으로 제작할 수 없었다. ④ 금이 많이 나와 항상 공급을 채울 만큼 풍부했다. 【문 25】다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. There is so much to be done in our world. It is easy to spend so much energy on all the things that need to be done that we end up with no time left for our family or ourselves. But, it’s important to understand that, if we fail to balance our lives, we’ll burn out. The most productive time in the cycle of many plants is the dormant season, when it appears that nothing is going on, but the plants are being prepared for new, healthy growth. Without that season of dormancy, there will be no season of productivity. We all need a season of rest and restoration occasionally. If we rob ourselves of that season, we also rob ourselves of the season of new growth and productivity that follows. ① the necessity of rest ② setting priorities for tasks ③ balancing time and money ④ the outcomes of new growth |
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【문 1】본문의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? Dear Mr. Moore As you may already know, the National Association of Advertisers will be holding its annual convention. Our records indicate that your company has been an active participant in our last five annual conventions and we are looking forward to seeing you again at the gathering next year. Our main theme will be “Advertising in a Virtual World.” But as usual we are looking for a variety of participants that represent the entire spectrum of advertising activity. Although the convention is still nine months away, it isn’t too early to reserve space on the exhibition floor or time slots for presentations. If your company is planning on taking part as an exhibitor or presenter, please fill out the attached form and return it to us as soon as possible. Bear in mind that exhibition space and presentation times are allotted on a first come, first served basis to those who put down a small holding fee, with the balance due 60 days before the convention begins. Also, there is a substantial 15 % discount for early registration. We look forward to hearing from you and to seeing you next July. Sincerely, Clarence Dalton Convention Committee Chairman ① This is not the first time for the National Association of Advertisers to hold a convention. ② Only one theme will be addressed in the convention. ③ Nine months is left before the convention is held. ④ Fee is required to reserve exhibition space or presentation time. 【문 2】다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. As government functions in many countries are increasingly delivered within democratic systems, it is essential that the capacity of all branches of government, in addition to that of the executive branch, also be developed. The important oversight functions of national assembly or parliament, particularly in the allocation and use of public funds, can, for example, only be adequately carried out if their technical abilities are enhanced. Similarly, the capacity of the judicial system would need to be strengthened if regulatory frameworks are to be applied impartially, if secure systems of property rights are to be upheld, and if an efficient system for the enforcement of contractual obligations is to emerge. ① 신속한 국정 처리를 위해서 입법 절차가 간소화되어야 한다. ② 사법부의 행정부와 입법부 견제 기능이 보다 강화되어야 한다. ③ 사회가 발전할수록 정부 기능이 복잡하고 비대해지기 쉽다. ④ 정부의 각 기능별 능력은 치우침 없이 골고루 강화되어야 한다. 【문 3】다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 지칭하는 대상이 나머지 셋과 다른 하나는? When new hires start their careers with the Four Seasons Hotels, they receive an immediate message about their importance to this company. All new ① employees are asked to spend a night or two in the hotel where they will work prior to joining the company. They experience firsthand what it is like to be a guest in a luxury hotel. ② They see their new workplace from the guest’s eyes before being asked to see it from an employee’s perspective. The company also lets new hires know right away that their ideas and input are important. The companies askss that each new employee complete detailed reports about ③ his or her stay, and from this information ④ they get valuable data to help them identify areas in the hotel that may need additional attention. Both the new employee and the hotel benefit from the experience. 【문 4】다음 글에서 밑줄 친 That attitude의 의미로 가장 적절한 것은? Socrates believed that if you are truly wise you will not be obsessed with possessions. Practicing to an extreme what he taught, he even refused to wear shoes. Yet, he loved to visit the market place and look with admiration at the great abundance of wares on display. One day, someone asked him why he was interested in looking at all those things. Socrates replied, “I love to go there and discover how many things I am perfectly happy without.” That attitude is contrary to the commercial messages that continually bombard our eyes and ears. Advertisers spend millions telling us about the latest products that we can’t be happy without. ① 물질에 초연한 것 ② 말과 행동이 다른 것 ③ 보편적 진리를 추구하는 것 ④ 물질적인 만족을 추구하는 것 【문 5】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은? For our ancestors, however, there was a problem with being an omnivore. Humans, like many primates, are omnivores, which means they eat both plants and animals. Incidentally, it is interesting to note that although we have some front cutting teeth, like those of carnivores, our back teeth (molars) are more like those of herbivores. ( ① ) This is one of many facts that suggest that we have been omnivores for some time. ( ② ) It has been argued from an evolutionary perspective that there was a distinct advantage for our ancestors to be omnivores; it meant they were not dependent on one type of food source. ( ③ ) Should one supply run out, they could readily shift to another source. ( ④ ) This increased the odds of being poisoned. The more foods that one ate, the greater the likelihood of being poisoned. 【문 6】다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Pessimists are right when they say that, if the world continues as it is, it will end in disaster for all humanity. If all transport depends on oil, and oil runs out, then transport will cease. But notice the conditional if. The world will not continue as it is. That is the whole point of human progress, the whole message of cultural evolution, and the whole import of dynamic change. The human race has become a collective problem-solving machine and it solves problems by changing its ways. It does so through invention driven often by the market: scarcity drives up price, which encourages the development of alternatives and of efficiencies. It has happened often in history. When whales grew scarce, petroleum was used instead as a source of oil. The pessimists' mistake is . ① insisting that words speak louder than actions ② keeping their own insight and wisdom to themselves ③ assuming that the future is just a bigger version of the past ④ denying the notion of society and encouraging separateness |
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【문 7】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은? Actually, however, dead things are not classified with non-living things; for the latter has no life, but, more importantly, it never did possess life. It may seem easy to define what living things are, but actually to do so with scientific accuracy is really difficult. All that can be said is that living things possess certain characteristics in common, and these provide the power which results in the phenomenon of what is called life. ( ① ) On the other hand, certain familiar objects, such as a piece of glass or a bar of iron, have no life, and are said to be non-living. ( ② ) A dead plant or animal could conceivably be placed in the latter category. ( ③ ) On the other hand, a dead thing, though it no longer possesses life, did so at one time. ( ④ ) There are, therefore, three groups of matter from the biologist’s point of view: living, dead, and non-living. 【문 8】다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Can anyone be joyous during wartime? For both winners and losers, war is a curse. It brings nothing but death and destruction. It destroys feelings of compassion and understanding, and it encourages aggression and brutality. To those who argue that war is not a curse but a reasonable and rational way to defend property and prestige, I can only shake my head in sorrow. Even the necessity of self-defense cannot be an adequate for war, the most terrible of human tragedies. ① benefit ② justification ③ symbol ④ opportunity 【문 9】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? There are many wonders regarding the behaviors of animals. One of them is the return of salmon to their birth place. (A) How do they return to their birthplace so far away? Scientists do not know exactly how a salmon “remembers” its way back to its native stream after an ocean journey possibly lasting several years and covering several thousand miles. (B) Some of them theorize that this internal compass uses the infinitely small electrical voltages generated by the ocean currents as they travel through the earth’s magnetic field. Others believe that the salmon’s homing mechanism may take its cues from the varying salinities of the water or specific smells encountered along the journey. (C) They agree, however, that salmon, like homing pigeons, appear to have an innate compass or “search recognition” mechanism that operates independently of astronomical or physical signs. ① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (C) – (A) ③ (C) – (A) – (B) ④ (C) – (B) – (A) 【문 10】주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 순서로 적절한 것은? [ Leaders who continually remind their followers of a long history of outrages their nation has suffered produce a vengeful violent people. ] (A) In contrast, Nelson Mandela tried to break the endless cycle of violence. In leading South Africa, he refused to indulge in the bitter past and moved his divided nation toward reconciliation. (B) Similarly, Yakubu Gowon in Nigeria worked hard not to punish the Ibo after the Biafran rebellion was crushed in the late 1960s, preventing bloodshed. (C) For example, Archbishop Makarios in Cyprus continued to stir up hatred against the Turks after he came to power. This made peace between Greeks and Turks almost impossible, and it did much to set up the catastrophic invasion by the Turkish army. ① (A)-(B)-(C) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (C)-(A)-(B) ④ (C)-(B)-(A) 【문 11】다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르세요. Are you tired of always being told to “look on the bright side”? Are you criticized for imagining worst-case scenarios? Do you wish your optimistic friends would just leave you alone and let you be negative? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you may be one of the millions of people who have learned to cope with the pressures of modern life by using defensive pessimism, a strategy of imagining the worst-case scenario of any situation. Indulging in negative thoughts like these actually helps people go on to do their best by preparing for the worst. In fact, many people perform more poorly when forced to think positive, since negative thinking is often an effective strategy for managing anxiety. ① Looking on the Bright Side of Life ② Defensive Pessimism: A Risky Strategy ③ The Positive Power of Negative Thinking ④ Negative Thinking Versus Positive Illusions 【문 12】다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? The Moon is more than a quarter of the diameter of the Earth, which makes the Earth the only planet in the solar system with a sizeable moon in comparison to itself. Then what difference does it make to us? Without the Moon's steadying influence, the Earth would wobble like a dying top causing dramatic changes in climate and weather. The Moon's steady gravitational influence keeps the Earth spinning at the right speed and angle to provide the sort of stability necessary for the long and successful development of life. This won't go on forever. The Moon is slipping from our planet at a rate of about 1.5 inches a year. In another two billion years it will have receded so far that it won't keep us steady and we will have to come up with some other solution, but in the meantime you should think of it as much more than just a pleasant feature in the night sky. ①The Earth: Home of Life in the Universe ②Effects of Gravitational Pull in the Universe ③Conditions for Maintaining Life on the Earth ④The Moon: A Supportive Companion of the Earth 【문 13】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 적절한 것은? A good illustration of the importance of feedback is contained in the responses of a group of blind women interviewed by a team of Italian psychologists. They were asked ① describing the most enjoyable experiences in their lives. For these women, many of ② who had been sightless since birth, the most frequently mentioned enjoyable experiences were the result of reading books in Braille, praying, and helping each other in case of sickness or other need. Of the people ③ were interviewed by the team, these blind women stressed more than anyone else the importance of receiving clear feedback as a condition for enjoying whatever they were doing. ④ Unable to see what was going on around them, they needed to know even more than sighted people whether what they were trying to accomplish was actually coming to pass. 【문 14】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? There are two reasons why it is important to face a feeling, examine it and evaluate it at the time you encounter it, ① how small it may be. One is that you get it off your chest before you magnify it far beyond its true proportion. ② The other is that you start to build patterns of feeling, thinking, and action which are bound to bring about some change in your problem. The great problems you may have, which ③ prevent you from enjoying live, were originally small ones – when you were a child. You allowed them to grow into monsters because you knew no better. Now as a mature adult, you can know better – and you can gain that knowledge by taking a fresh look at ④ yourself. |
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【문 15】빈칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? It cannot be too often repeated that it is not the sunshine and calm and pleasant experiences that make men great, but its rugged experiences, its storms, and trials. Early hardship, especially, is often . It is the rough Atlantic Ocean, the cold, dark, winter nights, the fierce "northers," that make the British and the American sailors the toughest and most skillful in the world. The training in the school of hardship and sorrow produces the most able pupils, and the hill of difficulty is the best of all exercises for the strengthening of mental backbones. Great men can no more be made without trials than bricks can be made without fire. ① a double-edged sword ② two peas in a pod ③ a blessing in disguise ④ a case in point 【문 16】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? Every situation, properly ① perceived, becomes an opportunity. But you have to act on it if you're going to be successful. Distant pastures always look greener than ② those close at hand, but real opportunities are right where you are. You must take advantage of them when they appear. Success is not in your environment, in luck or chance, or in the help of others. Success is in yourself alone. Take a second look at ③ what appears to be someone's "good luck." You'll find not luck but preparation, planning and success-producing thinking. When you're prepared for opportunity, your chance for success is sure to come. The season of failure is the best time for sowing the seeds of success. Decide that this year will be your year for success and prepare for it ④ happens. 【문 17】주어진 문장이 들어가기에 적절한 곳은? [The process of agriculture, the food we eat, the clothes we wear and our social relations were all at one time under the domain of religion and its high priests.] Belief in a supreme being does not always play the uplifting and civilizing role that it did in the past. (A) Religion, though it has undoubtedly brought comfort to innumerable human beings and stabilized society by its values, has checked the tendency to change and progress inherent in human society. (B) However, as knowledge advances, the domain of religion shrinks. The more we understand life and nature, the less we look for supernatural causes. (C) Whatever we can understand and control ceases to be a mystery. (D) Gradually they have passed out of its control and become subjects for scientific study. ① A ② B ③ C ④ D 【문 18】18. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? Alaska was a possession of Russia from the time it was discovered in 1741. As early as 1855, Russia attempted to sell the land to the United States. But it wasn’t until 1867 that Secretary of State William Steward negotiated a treaty to buy it. ① Americans called the new land Steward’s Folly or Steward’s Icebox. ② The ice box was used long ago, but there was no record about who invented it first. ③ Gold was discovered at the end of the century and President Taft made Alaska a territory in August, 1912. ④ Alaskans fought for statehood for over 40 years, but Alaska officially became the 49th state when President Eisenhower signed the statehood proclamation on January 3, 1959. 【문 19】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. Contrary to popular belief, you don’t have to be a naturally talented writer to write high-quality articles. Whether you are writing articles for a newspaper or magazine, the most important thing is that your article needs to be . People are always rushing these days, and they are not going to want to read long articles. The point is that you should write a 400-600 word article. That range is ideal because articles that look like college discourse will not be perceived easily, and articles shorter than 300 words do not seem to provide enough information. Four-to-six-hundred-word articles allow you to effectively inform in a brief style. ① unique and creative ② grammatically correct ③ concise and informative ④ professional and credible 【문 20】다음 빈칸에 가장 알맞은 것으로 짝지은 것을 고르시오. As we get older, what is important to us also changes. The goals that we set for ourselves in our twenties are different from those we set for ourselves in our forties and our sixties. Studies have shown, for instance, that young people are more likely to have goals that involve seeking new information, acquiring knowledge, and experiencing novelty. When faced with a choice between having dinner with their favorite author and their favorite aunt, they choose the former. Older people, (A) , make the opposite choice. They are more concerned with emotionally meaningful goals - maximizing positive emotions and avoiding unpleasant ones - than with expanding their information horizons. (B) , the priorities that we place on our goals change with the time. (A) (B) ① by contrast In sum ② for example Accordingly ③ by contrast Instead ④ for example Likewise 【문 21】다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 어휘의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 거 은? Perhaps the allure of the lawn is the human genes. The sociobiologists think so: they’ve gone so far as to propose a “Savanna Syndrome” to explain our ① fondness for grass. Encoded in our DNA is a preference for an open grassy landscape ② resembling the shortgrass savannas of Africa on which we evolved and spent our first few thousand years. A grassy plain dotted with trees ③ lacks safety from predators and a suitable environment for grazing animals ; this is said to explain why we have remade the wooded landscape of Europe and North America in the image of East Africa. Thorstein Veblen, too, thought the popularity of lawns might be a throwback to our ④ pastoral roots. “The close-cropped lawn,” he wrote in The Theory of the Leisure Class, “is beautiful in the eyes of a people whose inherited bent it is to readily find pleasure in contemplating a well-preserved pasture or grazing land.” |
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【문 22】다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. If you were a bird, would you bring live snakes into your nest? “Never!” you say. Yet, one species of bird does just that – the screech owl. Screech owls kill and eat some blind snakes, but others are brought to the nest to live in nest debris, a protected environment with abundant food. There they eat insect larvae from the decomposer community in fecal matter and uneaten prey. The snakes remain in the nest until the chicks fledge and the adults abandon the nest. The owl also benefits from living with snakes. Consumption of larvae by snakes reduces larval parasitism an owl nestlings or larval competition with nestlings for food stored in the nest. A comparison of nests with and without snakes revealed that chicks living with snakes grew faster and suffered lower mortality. ① Weird Behaviors of Birds ② Snakes – Housekeepers for Owls ③ Snakes in Owl Nests: A Novel Partnership ④ Why Rivalry Is Unavoidable in the Wild 【문 23】(A),(B),(C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 잘 짝지은 것은? Professor Antonio Damasio believes that emotions (A) [ interefere / assist ] with cognitive tasks like reasoning and decision making. When we reason about situations and predict different outcomes, we use our emotions to evaluate the hypothetical outcomes and to inform our decisions. Imagine you’re giving a presentation tomorrow and need to prepare, but you also feel like popping in a DVD and relaxing. Opting to prepare is the responsible choice, but it is not merely a matter of reason winning out over emotion. Your choice still involves emotion: you imagine the scenario in which you watch the movie and find yourself, the next day, standing in front of a group of colleagues (B) [ unprepared / confident ]. The uneasy feeling elicited by that embarrassing situation nudges you toward the right path. Imagining consequences can make a bad decision painful and a good one pleasant. Of course, sometimes we choose to ignore the built-in (C) [ warning / rewarding ] system and make bad decisions anyway. (A) (B) (C) ① interfere unprepared warning ② interfere confident rewarding ③ assist unprepared warning ④ assist confident rewarding 【문 24】잉카 제국에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? The Inca emperor derived his huge power and authority from the gods. The supreme god was the sun god. It was from him that the ruler passed on his right to rule to his cleverest son. The land holdings were immense; there were rich farmlands and woolly-haired animals for wool. Precious metals were plentiful: silver, copper, bronze, and the most sacred of all, gold. There was no lack of idols and ornaments hammered from this gleaming metal. There was always more gold coming from the mines to refill the supply. At the peak of his power, the Inca ruler died without naming his successor. In 1493 two sons began a fierce fatal struggle for control. For the next 40 years, the empire sank into a listlessness caused by civil war. ① 최고로 숭배하는 신은 태양신이었다. ② 영토가 광활했으며 비옥한 농지를 가지고 있었다. ③ 태양신 이외의 우상들은 황금으로 제작할 수 없었다. ④ 금이 많이 나와 항상 공급을 채울 만큼 풍부했다. 【문 25】다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. There is so much to be done in our world. It is easy to spend so much energy on all the things that need to be done that we end up with no time left for our family or ourselves. But, it’s important to understand that, if we fail to balance our lives, we’ll burn out. The most productive time in the cycle of many plants is the dormant season, when it appears that nothing is going on, but the plants are being prepared for new, healthy growth. Without that season of dormancy, there will be no season of productivity. We all need a season of rest and restoration occasionally. If we rob ourselves of that season, we also rob ourselves of the season of new growth and productivity that follows. ① the necessity of rest ② setting priorities for tasks ③ balancing time and money ④ the outcomes of new growth |
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【문 1】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? Improving communication skills is not about improving your ability to manipulate people. It is concerned with breaking down the ① barriers between people so that we can get on better together or work together more effectively. The art of good communication is ②sensitivity to the needs of others. Being able to see the world through other people’s eyes, ears or feelings is a very valuable, and very rare, skill. Most of the time we are so engrossed with our own lives, and our needs and desires, that we simply ③fail to take into account other people’s needs. Ironically, some of the people for whom we cause the most problems are the ones closest to us. Our family and friends, and the people who work for us, tend to be the ones whom we take most for granted and are the ones with whom we make the ④most effort to communicate. 【문 2】다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. Even if the inventors in an impoverished country are able to develop new scientific approaches to meet local economic needs, the chances of recouping investments in research and development through later sales in the local market are very low. The local purchasing power to buy a new product is tiny, and will not guarantee sufficient profits if an invention is successfully brought to market, even if the impoverished country has state-of-the-art patent legislation. The problem is not the property rights to the invention, but the size of the market. There is, therefore, a huge difference between rich and poor countries in their tendency to innovate. Rich countries have a big market, which increases the incentive for innovation, brings new technologies to market, further raises productivity and expands the size of the market, and creates new incentives for innovation. This momentum creates, in effect, a chain reaction. Innovation raises the size of the market; a larger market raises the incentives for innovation. ① ways to help poor countries escape poverty ② the correlation between economic growth and innovation ③ effects of innovative thinking on technology development ④ the necessity of protecting the property rights of inventors 【문 3】(A), (B), (C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은? It is sometimes argued that for many women the decision to work is not as important as that for men because they work only to provide “extras,” which are often listed as a second car, a vacation home, restaurant meals ─ items that can be seen as (A) indispensable / unnecessary. If this is so, then women can be paid less because their earnings are not essential and their attachment to the labor force is occasional. Some other people, however, point out that this argument is (B) unconvincing / inevitable for two reasons. First, not all women are one-half of a couple, and approximately half of all families headed by women live below the poverty level. Their need for income is as great as, or greater than, a man’s. But, more importantly, it is (C) unethical / conventional to pay one individual less than another individual for the same work. (A) (B) (C) ① indispensable unconvincing conventional ② indispensable inevitable unethical ③ unnecessary inevitable conventional ④ unnecessary unconvincing unethical 【문 4】다음 글에서 밑줄 친 the wrong side의 의미로 가장 적절한 것은? Hippocrates said, “Life is short, the art long, opportunity fleeting, experiment treacherous, judgment difficult.” Happiness and success in life do not depend on our circumstances, but on ourselves. The problem is that man is great but he is in the wrong side. You can see many examples in history. More men have ruined themselves than have ever been destroyed by others: more houses and cities have perished at the hands of man, than storms or earthquakes have ever destroyed. We are sure to suffer, but it is we, ourselves, who are to be blamed. ① 운명 순응적 태도 ② 자기 파괴적 속성 ③ 역사에 대한 무지 ④ 책임지지 않는 자세 【문 5】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳 은? As civilization grew, more and different pollutants were dumped into the seas. ( ① ) Still, this pollution did not really threaten the marine environment. ( ② ) The seas seemed capable of coping with anything that people threw at them. ( ③ ) Now, factories are beginning to dump enormous quantities of materials into the seas. ( ④ ) Especially in some coastal areas near large cities, ocean pollution is beginning to threaten marine life. For the first time, the oceans are beginning to fail in their ability to recycle humanity’s wastes. 【문 6】다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약할 때, 빈칸에 들어갈 것으로 적절한 것은? Imagine a child playing on the beach below a cliff. He finds a cave, full of excitement, goes in. Suddenly fear seizes him. In the deep dark of the cave, he cannot see the way ahead. What is frightening him is the sense of the unknown stretching into the black distance. Most of our worries in life can be like this. Our anxiety is not about something specific, but a sense that unknown and unexplored possibilities may be out of sight far ahead. We can place a limit on these worries by asking: "What is the worst that can happen?" More often than not, the worst that we fear is much less terrible than our vague fear. Once we know the worst, we can face it directly and work out more sensibly what to do. In many cases, our anxiety comes from the sense of ( A ), and the solution to the problem is to think ahead about the ( B ) situation. (A) (B) ① hostility whole ② hostility worst ③ uncertainty whole ④ uncertainty worst |
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【문 7】밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 적절한 것은? Earth is surrounded by a life-giving gaseous envelope ① called the atmosphere. This thin blanket of air is an integral part of the planet. It provides the air that we breathe and protects us from the sun's intense heat and dangerous radiation. The energy exchanges that continually occur between the atmosphere and space ② produce the effects ③ in which we call weather. If, like the moon, Earth had no atmosphere, our planet would be lifeless, and many of the processes and interactions that make the surface such a dynamic place could not operate. Without weathering and erosion, the face of our planet might more closely ④ resemble the lunar surface, which has not changed much in nearly three billion years. 【문 8】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? Early automobiles had no windows to shield motorists from strong winds. To make driving more comfortable and promote sales, the automobile manufacturers finally installed glass windshields. (A) A Frenchman, named Eduard Benedictus, provided a solution: He invented the safety glass. It consisted of a sheet of celluloid sandwiched between two sheets of ordinary glass. (B) The addition of plastic gives enhanced flexibility – safety glass bulges rather than shatters on impact. Should the windshield break, the shattered glass sticks to the plastic rather than flies off in splinters. (C) Thanks to their efforts, motorists were no longer buffeted by high winds. However, glass windshields easily broke, showering the auto and its occupants with deadly fragments. ① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (C) – (A) – (B) ④ (C) – (B) – (A) 【문 9】밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 적절한 것은? Whether we like it or not, the system of copyright, one of the purposes of ① it has been to provide a fair reward for artists, ② is rapidly being removed from artistic creation itself and brought into the realms of big business. What we see too is the build-up of complete legal control over every artistic creation. The cultural conglomerates buy rights all over the place, surround them with extremely detailed property regulations, and ③ hiring highly specialized lawyers to defend their interests. The consequence is that every artist who has created or performed something has to take care that ④ their work is not taken away by a cultural industry. 【문 10】다음 글에 나타난 저자의 생각과 일치하는 것은? With the number of cell phone users at an all-time high and the trend showing no signs of relenting, certain consumer safety organizations are taking a closer look at the dangers of cell phone use. The primary concern among safety advocates is radiation; although cell phones emit only slightly more radiation than televisions and about one-third that of microwaves, the long-lasting proximity of cell phones to the body has some people worried. Speculations have focused on reproductive health and an increased risk of certain cancers. Since the long-term impact of cell phone radiation will not be known for many years, it would perhaps be wise of users to take simple precautions that reduce exposure time. ① Cell phone radiation has been shown to be linked to certain types of cancer. ② Most people receive more radiation exposure from phones than from microwaves. ③ The dangers of cell phone use may be mitigated by reducing length of exposure. ④ Speculations that cell phones are hazardous will likely be refuted scientifically. 【문 11】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은? Research has shown that the most important determinant of whether one indulges in junk food or healthy snacks at the office is __________. As long as you have a healthy snack within reach, you will not be so tempted to go to the vending machine. In fact, the typical office worker who is under pressure to meet a deadline does not take the time to consider what the most nutritious snack might be. Instead, most office workers will simply wolf down the closest thing they can get their hands on. When snacking, the nutritional value of the contents is not taken into consideration. For your health, it is necessary that healthy snacks be closer at hand than unhealthy snacks. ① affordability ② availability ③ applicability ④ compatibility 【문 12】다음 중 어법상 적절하지 않은 것은? Psychologists studying infant attachment have observed the way one-year-olds react ① to being taken care of by unfamiliar adults, to their parents' leaving, and to their reunions. They have found that babies who ② feel secure may be upset when their parents return, but they allow themselves to be comforted before long as they are held and talked to. But babies who feel insecure about their parents' emotional availability ③ responds to reunions differently, usually in one of two ways. One is a dismissing or avoiding style, in which the child ignores her parents when they return. When her parents try to comfort her, she may push them away from the body. ④ The other is an anxious style, in which the baby clings to the parents upon the parents' return and seems difficult to comfort. 【문 13】아래 주어진 사전 뜻풀이 가운데, 밑줄 친 treat의 의미로 가장 적절한 것은? Imagine a computer working as a doctor. It was considered as a dream, but now it is regarded as a reality. A computer can help diagnose illness. First, it stores great amounts of information. And that information can be given easily to those who need it. When people need the information about their disease, people can know how to treat it by using the information in its memory. As the use of computers increases, doctors need to know more information and to put it into computer. The question is: How can a computer deal with those who suffer from mental illness? In the near future, we need to find how to deal with this matter. ① deal with someone : He seemed to treat me as a child. ② consider or regard : He will treat this matter as unimportant. ③ clear someone of some disease : The dentists will treat your tooth. ④ give hospitality to someone : You should treat all the guests fairly. |
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【문 14】다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? Hardly any of the formulas Einstein used were really new. Many, in fact, had become common property among experts. Berlin historian Dr. Jurgen Renn brought it to a point: “Many say Einstein has created the theory of relativity out of nothingness. But in reality he did nothing but pick ripe fruits.” Renn continued: “The question remains, why he chose to pick the fruits he did. Even if Einstein’s greatest talent was to be a gifted fruit picker, he could not have chosen a better time. Never before had so many ripe apples been hanging on the tree of physical cognition. But they were also hanging so hidden that only a very sharp eye could track them down.” Indeed, most “ripe fruits” or applicable theories can be seen by many in different fields. But only by making the proper connections can the individual “fruits” result in an understandable picture and begin to make sense. ① Keep Connecting Yourself with Experts ② Set Realistic Goals for Yourself ③ See the Big Picture of Your Dream ④ Have a Keen Eye to Detect Ripe Fruits 【문 15】다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? People can live almost anywhere, from the tropics to the poles. This is because they build dwellings that shield them from the weather. The dwellings differ from one region to another, depending on local conditions. In the pine forests of the cold, snowy north, there are plenty of trees available. A common design in that region is the log cabin. In the Sahara, they build tents made of thin poles and animal skins. The wide roof provides good shade, and the open doors allow a cool breeze to come through. In the place where there is a climatic change, a thatched cottage has a roof built with locally grown reeds, small windows, and timber-framed or stone walls. It is cool in summer and warm in winter. In short, men survive by __________________. ① knowing a lot about change in nature ② making the best use of local condition ③ equipping themselves with a special body structure ④ escaping themselves from severe climatic change 【문 16】다음 문장이 들어갈 위치로 가장 적절한 것은? But being a newbie at anything has crucial advantages that veterans can only reminisce about. As someone who was young and is presently less young, I will confirm that nothing beats lessons learned from direct experience. ① Not knowing that there's a lot you don't know is empowering. ② Many people achieve the biggest strides, and experience the greatest satisfaction of their lives, when engaged in something completely new. ③ Ignorance is an opportunity for innovation, because you haven't been corrupted with a litany of dissuasions about what can't be done, or how it must be done. ④ You're a clean vessel with the power to recreate reality. 【문 17】다음 글의 외국에 이주한 사람들이 겪는 심경 변화로 가장 적절 한 것을 고르시오. People who relocate to a foreign country go through an adjustment process that often resembles what newlyweds experience. The first two weeks are the honeymoon stage, characterized by a rosy fascination with all aspects of the foreign culture. The architecture, food, and people all seem clever and charming. As in marriage, however, reality sets in over the next few months, during the disillusionment stage. The husband must deal with clogged pipes in the bathroom, and the wife with clothes on the floor. Similarly, the foreign visitor discovers that he must stand in three separate lines at the bank to get a check cashed and that the hot water comes on only once a day. ① proud → satisfied ② worried → pleased ③ excited → disappointed ④ sorrowful → relieved 【문 18】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. Although a hunch of intuition may provide creative ideas, those ideas will not become reality until you . I find that people are often indecisive because they actually don’t have enough information to make a good decision. If you feel hesitant about making a decision, perhaps you are trying to make it based on guesswork and intuition, instead of solid information. In fact, for clients who feel stuck and can’t decide something, I often suggest research. Libraries, the Internet, books, and a thoughtful review of your own and others’ past experiences are all good sources of data. ① take a risk for them ② get the appropriate facts about them ③ take a good, hard look at yourself ④ get help from the government 【문 19】(A), (B), (C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은? Making the industrial-based global food system possible is our ever-growing reliance on fossil fuel based technologies as the basis of fertilizers, pesticides, and methods of cultivation and transportation. On average, fruits and vegetables that arrive at tables in North America have traveled 1,500 miles to get there. On the positive side of this system is the seemingly (A) [ finite/ infinite ] variety of produce available all year long that many of us now simply take for granted. Bananas from the Caribbean, apples from New Zealand, tomatoes, orangens, and grapes from California – all available every month of the year. The downside of this, of course, is the reduction in (B) [ quality/ quantity ] of many of these varieits as they are picked early, ripened artificially, and shipped halfway around the world to be packaged, then shipped again to various places across the world to awaiting consumers. In a world experiencing the ever-rising effects of climate change and decreasing levels of cheap oil, this system is clearly not (C) [ sustainable / objectionable ]. (A) (B) (C) ① finite quality objectionable ② finite quantity sustainable ③ infinite quality sustainable ④ infinite quantity objectionable |
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【문 20】다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? Conceived in the “Roaring Twenties” and constructed at the start of the Great Depression, the Empire State Building emerged as the world’s tallest structure and a monument to high hopes that survived the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The driving force behind the project was financier John J. Raskob, a former executive at General Motors, who envisioned a structure that would tower over the planned Chrysler Building and all other rivals in Manhattan. Work began on the 102-story office building in January 1930 and concluded 15 months later, three months ahead of schedule and well under budget thanks to the reduced cost of labor and materials in a slumping economy. The building was designed in the art deco style, which recalled the prosperity of the 1920s and contrasted with the unadorned functionalism of later skyscrapers. It therefore evoked memories of good times in hard times and symbolized the heights Americans still aspired to. ① John J. Raskob designed the Empire State Building for Chrysler. ② Construction of the Empire State Building took 15 months to complete. ③ There was no need to add to the original budget of the Empire State Building. ④ The Empire State Building was designed in the art deco style. 【문 21】다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words stingy and frugal both mean ‘careful with money.’ However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has a much more affirmative and favorable connotation. (A) , a person wants to be slim but not skinny. In other words, this means that when we talk about somebody who is too light in weight, we may use the word slim showing our positive attitude instead of the word skinny showing our negative attitude to others. (B) , you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all. (A) (B) ① Instead However ② Similarly Therefore ③ Nevertheless Moreover ④ Hence Besides 【문 22】다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? Compared with other species, we are nothing special when it comes to speed, strength, stamina, vision, hearing, or the ability to withstand extremes of environmental conditions. A variety of technologies, however, improve our ability to interact with the physical world. In a sense, our inventions have helped us make up for our biological disadvantages. Written records enable us to share and compile great amounts of information. Vehicles allow us to move more rapidly than other animals, to reach remote and inhospitable places, and even to travel in space. Tools provide us with very delicate control and with prodigious strength and speed. Telescopes, cameras, sensors, microphones, and other instruments extend our visual, auditory, and tactile senses, and increase their sensitivity. ① endeavors to conquer unexplored places ② loss of humanity caused by conveniences ③ achievements obtained by sharing information ④ technologies extending the capabilities of humans 【문 23】밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오. One of the important environmental problems ① facing the world is overpopulation. Modern medicine and agriculture ② have made possible for a larger percentage of our species to reach adulthood, reproduce and live to a ripe age than at any other ③ time in our history. At the same time, we are consuming more of the world's resources than our ancestors. There is a decreasing rate of reproduction in some wealthy countries, but still the world population is growing with more people than can be properly fed. Only by limiting population growth ④ can we control these problems. 【문 24】Charlie Chaplin 대한 설명과 일치하지 않는 것은? . Left on his own at a young age, Charlie Chaplin quickly learned how to survive on London’s city streets. Living in part from money earned as a mime, he mainly charmed his friends and strangers alike into giving him food and shelter. Above all, he learned how to outwit the police, who were not fond of a young homeless boy without a job. After arriving in the United States in 1910, Chaplin quickly got work in silent films. After that, it did not take him long to develop the character that made him famous – the “Little Tramp.” Dressed in shabby clothes, begging money and food wherever he could find it, the “Little Tramp” spent most of his twenty-five years on screen avoiding the police, who pursued him in one hilarious scene after another. ① 찰리 채플린은 런던에서 친구들과 함께 무언극을 하며 돈을 벌었다. ② 찰리 채플린의 처세술은 경찰에게까지 통할 정도였다. ③ 미국에 도착한 후 얼마 지나지 않아 ‘리틀 트램프’ 캐릭터를 만들었다. ④ 찰리 채플린을 유명하게 만들어 준 ‘리틀 트램프’는 경찰에게 쫓기 는 캐릭터였다. 【문 25】밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은? An important part of growing up is ① intellectual growth, in which we come to question the ideas and beliefs that have been fed to us by our parents, teachers and others over the years. When we are young, of course, we ② uncritically accept whatever we are told about the world. As a result, we are very much influenced and determined in our thinking by the views, opinions and attitudes of those around us. As we grow up, however, we often find that many things we have hitherto accepted without question are in fact questionable, and may even be ③ false. In doing so, we start to become critical, to examine our existing beliefs and standards, to sift through them and weigh them up. Such critical thinking is an important part of establishing our own identity, our own views on the world, and our intellectual and personal dependence. |
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